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Questions and Answers
What is the IUPAC name for the alkane derived from the common name 'iso' indicating a methyl group on the second carbon of the chain?
What is the IUPAC name for the alkane derived from the common name 'iso' indicating a methyl group on the second carbon of the chain?
Which physical state are the first four members of alkanes in at room temperature?
Which physical state are the first four members of alkanes in at room temperature?
What is the typical trend in boiling points of unbranched alkanes as the molecular weight increases?
What is the typical trend in boiling points of unbranched alkanes as the molecular weight increases?
Which type of solvents are alkanes insoluble in?
Which type of solvents are alkanes insoluble in?
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What is the product of the combustion of CH3CH2CH3 with O2?
What is the product of the combustion of CH3CH2CH3 with O2?
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Which type of reaction do cyclopropane and cyclobutane undergo to relieve strain and yield more stable open chain compounds?
Which type of reaction do cyclopropane and cyclobutane undergo to relieve strain and yield more stable open chain compounds?
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What is the IUPAC name for a cycloalkane with six carbon atoms in the ring?
What is the IUPAC name for a cycloalkane with six carbon atoms in the ring?
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In the E2 mechanism, what removes a β-hydrogen atom from the carbon atom adjacent to the one bearing the leaving group?
In the E2 mechanism, what removes a β-hydrogen atom from the carbon atom adjacent to the one bearing the leaving group?
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Which type of mechanism involves ionization of the substrate to form a carbocation as the rate-determining step?
Which type of mechanism involves ionization of the substrate to form a carbocation as the rate-determining step?
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What type of reaction results in the formation of an alkene through the elimination of a molecule of hydrogen halide from alkyl halides?
What type of reaction results in the formation of an alkene through the elimination of a molecule of hydrogen halide from alkyl halides?
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What happens when alcohols are heated with strong acids?
What happens when alcohols are heated with strong acids?
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What is the IUPAC name for the alkane derived from the common name 'neo' indicating the presence of a quaternary carbon atom at one end of the chain?
What is the IUPAC name for the alkane derived from the common name 'neo' indicating the presence of a quaternary carbon atom at one end of the chain?
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Which type of reaction results in the formation of an alkene through the elimination of a molecule of hydrogen halide from alkyl halides?
Which type of reaction results in the formation of an alkene through the elimination of a molecule of hydrogen halide from alkyl halides?
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In the E2 mechanism, what removes a β-hydrogen atom from the carbon atom adjacent to the one bearing the leaving group?
In the E2 mechanism, what removes a β-hydrogen atom from the carbon atom adjacent to the one bearing the leaving group?
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What is the product of the combustion of CH3CH2CH3 with O2?
What is the product of the combustion of CH3CH2CH3 with O2?
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Which physical state are the first four members of alkanes in at room temperature?
Which physical state are the first four members of alkanes in at room temperature?
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What happens when dihalogen derivatives of alkanes are treated with sodium or zinc?
What happens when dihalogen derivatives of alkanes are treated with sodium or zinc?
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What is the IUPAC name for a cycloalkane with six carbon atoms in the ring?
What is the IUPAC name for a cycloalkane with six carbon atoms in the ring?
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What is the typical trend in boiling points of unbranched alkanes as the molecular weight increases?
What is the typical trend in boiling points of unbranched alkanes as the molecular weight increases?
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Which type of solvents are alkanes insoluble in?
Which type of solvents are alkanes insoluble in?
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In physical properties, what makes alkenes slightly more soluble in water than the corresponding alkanes?
In physical properties, what makes alkenes slightly more soluble in water than the corresponding alkanes?
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What is the IUPAC name for a cycloalkane containing 5 carbon atoms in the ring?
What is the IUPAC name for a cycloalkane containing 5 carbon atoms in the ring?
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Study Notes
Alkane Nomenclature and Structure
- 'Iso': Indicates a methyl group on the second carbon of the chain. For instance, isobutane signifies a methyl group on the second carbon of a four-carbon chain.
- 'Neo': Indicates the presence of a quaternary carbon atom at one end of the chain. For example, neopentane has a quaternary carbon at one end of the chain.
Physical Properties of Alkanes
- The first four members of alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, and butane) are gases at room temperature.
- The boiling points of unbranched alkanes increase as the molecular weight increases. This is due to stronger London dispersion forces between larger molecules.
- Alkanes are insoluble in water because they are nonpolar and water is polar.
Reactions of Alkanes
- Combustion: Alkanes react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat. For example, the combustion of propane (CH3CH2CH3) with oxygen produces carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and heat.
- Halogenation: Alkanes react with halogens (like chlorine or bromine) in the presence of light or heat to form alkyl halides.
Cycloalkanes
- A cycloalkane with six carbon atoms in the ring is called cyclohexane.
Reactions of Cycloalkanes
- Ring-opening Reactions: Cyclopropane and cyclobutane undergo ring-opening reactions to relieve strain and yield more stable open-chain compounds.
Elimination Reactions
- Alkene Formation: The elimination of a molecule of hydrogen halide from alkyl halides results in the formation of an alkene.
Alkene Properties
- Compared to alkanes, alkenes are slightly more soluble in water due to the presence of a C=C double bond, which can form weak hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
E2 Mechanism
- The E2 mechanism is a type of elimination reaction where the base removes a β-hydrogen atom from the carbon atom adjacent to the one bearing the leaving group.
Other Reactions
- When alcohols are heated with strong acids, they can undergo dehydration reactions, forming alkenes.
- Dihalogen derivatives of alkanes, when treated with sodium or zinc, undergo dehalogenation reactions, forming alkenes.
SN1 Reactions
- The SN1 mechanism involves ionization of the substrate to form a carbocation as the rate-determining step.
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Description
Test your knowledge of organic chemistry preparation reactions, including the catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes and the reduction of alkyl halides. Explore nomenclature rules for naming branched alkanes and alkyl groups.
