Organic Chemistry: Aldehydes and Ketones

Definition: Organic compounds with the functional group -CHO.
Structure: Carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of the carbon chain.
Nomenclature: Named by replacing the "-e" of the parent alkane with "-al".
Examples: Formaldehyde (methanal), Acetaldehyde (ethanal).
Reactivity:
- Oxidation: Can be oxidized to carboxylic acids.
- Reduction: Can be reduced to primary alcohols.
Uses: Preservatives, solvents, and in synthesis.

Definition: Organic compounds with the functional group -C(=O)-.
Structure: Carbonyl group (C=O) located within the carbon chain.
Nomenclature: Named by replacing the "-e" of the parent alkane with "-one".
Examples: Acetone (propanone), Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone).
Reactivity:
- Oxidation: Generally resistant to oxidation.
- Reduction: Can be reduced to secondary alcohols.
Uses: Solvents, in pharmaceuticals, and as intermediates in synthesis.

Definition: Organic compounds containing the carboxyl group (-COOH).
Structure: Consists of a carbonyl (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (-OH).
Nomenclature: Named by replacing the "-e" of the parent alkane with "-oic acid".
Examples: Acetic acid (ethanoic acid), Benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid).
Properties:
- Polar and can form hydrogen bonds.
- Characteristically sour taste.
Reactivity:
- Can be neutralized by bases to form salts.
- Can undergo esterification to form esters.
Uses: Food preservatives, flavoring agents, and in the synthesis of various compounds.

Organic compounds featuring the -CHO functional group, indicating the presence of an aldehyde.
Structure includes a carbonyl group (C=O) positioned at the end of the carbon chain, distinguishing it from other functional groups.
Nomenclature involves replacing the suffix "-e" of the parent alkane with "-al"; for example, methane becomes methanal.
Common examples include:
- Formaldehyde (methanal) used in preservation and disinfection.
- Acetaldehyde (ethanal), an intermediate in metabolism.
Reactivity includes:
- Oxidation to form carboxylic acids, enhancing their acidity and potential reactivity.
- Reduction leading to the formation of primary alcohols, making them important in organic synthesis.
Widely utilized as preservatives, solvents, and intermediates in chemical synthesis.

Defined as organic compounds containing the -C(=O)- functional group, indicating a carbonyl group.
Structure consists of a carbonyl group located within the carbon chain, unlike aldehydes.
Nomenclature changes the "-e" of the parent alkane to "-one"; for instance, propane becomes propanone (acetone).
Representative examples include:
- Acetone (propanone), commonly used as a solvent.
- Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone), used in the production of plastics and as a solvent.
Reactivity highlights:
- Generally resistant to oxidation, indicating stability under certain conditions.
- Can be reduced to secondary alcohols, allowing for versatility in chemical reactions.
Frequently employed as solvents, pharmaceutical intermediates, and in various synthesis processes.

Characterized by the carboxyl group (-COOH) which defines their acidic nature.
Structure combines a carbonyl group (C=O) with a hydroxyl group (-OH), enhancing polarity and solubility in water.
Nomenclature entails replacing the "-e" of the parent alkane with "-oic acid"; for instance, ethane becomes ethanoic acid (acetic acid).
Examples include:
- Acetic acid (ethanoic acid), widely used in food preservation and condiment production.
- Benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid), utilized as a preservative and in the manufacture of various chemicals.
Key properties include:
- Polar character allowing hydrogen bond formation, leading to higher boiling points.
- Sour taste, a distinctive feature of many edible acids.
Reactivity encompasses:
- Neutralization by bases to produce salts, repeating interactions in acid-base chemistry.
- Esterification reactions that yield esters, significant for fragrance and flavor compound synthesis.
Commonly used as food preservatives, flavoring agents, and in the chemical synthesis of multiple compounds.

Organic compounds characterized by a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to at least one hydrogen atom.
General formula represented as RCHO, where R denotes a hydrocarbon group.
Nomenclature involves using the suffix "-al," for example, formaldehyde is known as methanal.
Reactive properties include oxidation to form carboxylic acids and reduction to produce primary alcohols.
Widely utilized in various applications such as the synthesis of plastics, perfumes, and as preservatives.

Defined as organic compounds featuring a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two hydrocarbon groups.
General formula is RC(=O)R', indicating the two groups attached to the carbonyl carbon.
Nomenclature employs the suffix "-one," with acetone being an example represented as propan-2-one.
Exhibits notable reactivity; generally resistant to oxidation, though oxidation can occur under strong conditions.
Capable of reduction to yield secondary alcohols.
Commonly used as solvents, notably in nail polish remover, as well as in the manufacturing of various chemicals.

Comprised of organic compounds with a carboxyl group (-COOH).
General formula presented as RCOOH, with R being a hydrocarbon group.
Nomenclature features the suffix "-oic acid," for instance, acetic acid is known as ethanoic acid.
Display weak acidic properties, allowing them to donate protons (H+) in aqueous solutions.
Capable of forming derivatives such as esters, anhydrides, and amides.
Significant applications include food preservation (notably vinegar), soap production, and pharmaceutical preparations.