Organic Chemistry Alcohols Quiz

An alcohol where the -OH group is attached to a primary carbon atom.

An alcohol containing only one -OH group.

An aromatic compound with an -OH group attached to an aromatic ring (like benzene).

An alcohol where the -OH group is attached to a secondary carbon atom.

An alcohol containing two -OH groups.

Alcohols are named in the IUPAC system by identifying the longest carbon chain containing the hydroxyl (-OH) group, numbering the carbon atoms to place the hydroxyl group at the lowest possible position, and adding the suffix -ol to the alkane name.

Dihydric alcohols (alcohols with two hydroxyl groups) are named as alkanediols in the IUPAC system.

Trihydric alcohols (alcohols with three hydroxyl groups) are named as alkanetriols in the IUPAC system.

Ethanol

Butan-1-ol

The simplest hydroxy derivative of benzene, with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a benzene ring.

Phenols with a methyl group (-CH3) substituted on the benzene ring. They are named as a derivative of phenol.

Phenols that have two or three hydroxyl groups (-OH) on the benzene ring respectively.

Slightly less than the tetrahedral angle (109°28′) due to repulsion between the lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom.

Shorter than in methanol due to conjugation with the aromatic ring and sp2 hybridization of the carbon.

Adding water to an alkene using an acid catalyst, following Markovnikov's rule, to create an alcohol.

Adding water to an alkene in an anti-Markovnikov fashion, through hydroboration and oxidation.

Reducing aldehydes and ketones to alcohols using metal hydrides like LiAlH₄ or NaBH₄.

Grignard reagents react with carbonyl compounds (formaldehyde, aldehydes, and ketones) producing primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, respectively.

When an alkene reacts with an acid-catalyzed addition reaction, the hydrogen atom adds to the less substituted carbon.

Alcohols have significantly higher boiling points than comparable alkanes because of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

Primary alcohols have the highest boiling points followed by secondary and then tertiary alcohols. This is due to decreasing surface area with increasing branching in the alkyl group.

Lower molecular weight alcohols are soluble in water because they can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Solubility decreases with increasing molecular mass due to the non-polar alkyl group becoming dominant.

Alcohols can act as both nucleophiles and electrophiles, depending on the reaction conditions.

Electron-releasing alkyl groups increase electron density on the oxygen atom in alcohols, decreasing the polarity of the O-H bond and making the alcohol less acidic.

1° alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, which are further oxidized to carboxylic acids, both with the same number of carbon atoms.

2° alcohols are oxidized to ketones by reagents like CrO₃.

3° alcohols don't readily oxidize because they lack the necessary alpha-hydrogen atoms.

Removing hydrogen from alcohols using a catalyst like Cu at 573 K.

3° alcohols undergo dehydration to alkenes using Cu at 573 K.

Alcohols react with metals like sodium and aluminum, producing alkoxides and hydrogen gas. The reaction is exothermic and often used to prepare alkoxides, which are important reagents in organic synthesis.

The process of forming an ester from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, acid anhydride, or acyl chloride. It involves the elimination of water and results in the formation of a new C-O bond.

The breaking of the C-O bond in alcohols can be influenced by the alcohol's structure. Tertiary alcohols are most easily cleaved, followed by secondary and then primary alcohols.

Alcohols react with hydrogen halides like HCl to form alkyl halides and water. The reaction proceeds via an SN1 or SN2 mechanism, depending on the structure of the alcohol.

The elimination of water from an alcohol molecule to generate an alkene. Tertiary alcohols dehydrate most readily, followed by secondary and then primary alcohols.

Phenol can be synthesized from aryl halides, like chlorobenzene, by reacting with NaOH under high temperature and pressure. This process involves a nucleophilic substitution reaction.

Phenol can be obtained by oxidizing benzenesulfonic acid using strong oxidizing agents. The process involves the removal of the sulfonic acid group and the formation of phenol.

Phenol can be prepared from diazonium salts through a two-step process. First, aniline is reacted with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid to form benzene diazonium chloride. The second step involves treating the salt with water to form phenol and release nitrogen gas.

Phenol is more acidic than regular alcohols due to the stabilization of the phenoxide ion through resonance delocalization of the negative charge. This delocalization distributes the charge over the entire benzene ring.

The acidity of phenol is affected by substituents on the benzene ring. Electron-withdrawing groups increase acidity by further stabilizing the phenoxide ion through further delocalization. Electron-donating groups decrease acidity by hindering delocalization.

A reaction where phenol is reacted with acetyl chloride (CH3COCl) in the presence of pyridine to form phenyl acetate and hydrochloric acid (HCl).

A reaction where phenol reacts with benzoyl chloride (C6H5COCl) in the presence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form phenyl benzoate and hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Reduction of phenyl benzoate using zinc and ammonia (Zn, NH3) with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) at 675 K produces aniline and zinc oxide (ZnO).

The reaction of aniline with dilute nitric acid (dil. HNO3) produces o-nitrophenol, also known as 2-nitrophenol.

The reaction of aniline with concentrated nitric acid (conc. HNO3) and concentrated sulfuric acid (conc. H2SO4) produces p-nitrophenol, also known as 4-nitrophenol.

The reaction of phenol with bromine (Br2) in carbon disulfide (CS2) at 273 K produces p-bromophenol (major product), o-bromophenol, and hydrogen bromide (HBr).

p-Bromophenol reacts with aqueous bromine (3Br2(aq)) to produce 2,4,6-tribromophenol and hydrogen bromide (3HBr).

2,4,6-Tribromophenol is oxidized by potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid (K2Cr2O7/H2SO4) to produce benzoquinone and water (H2O).