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Questions and Answers
What percentage of human body mass is comprised of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen?
What percentage of human body mass is comprised of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen?
Which of the following represents macronutrients needed in large amounts?
Which of the following represents macronutrients needed in large amounts?
Which class of compounds includes DNA and RNA?
Which class of compounds includes DNA and RNA?
Which type of protein functions as a catalyst in biochemical reactions?
Which type of protein functions as a catalyst in biochemical reactions?
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What is an example of a non-essential amino acid?
What is an example of a non-essential amino acid?
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Which protein is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood?
Which protein is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood?
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What is the role of collagen in the body?
What is the role of collagen in the body?
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Which type of organic compound is essential for energy storage and includes fats?
Which type of organic compound is essential for energy storage and includes fats?
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What is the primary role of hemoglobin in the body?
What is the primary role of hemoglobin in the body?
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Which type of protein is primarily involved in maintaining fluid balance in the body?
Which type of protein is primarily involved in maintaining fluid balance in the body?
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What is one function of proteins in the human body?
What is one function of proteins in the human body?
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Which vitamin plays a role in regulating mineral metabolism for bone health?
Which vitamin plays a role in regulating mineral metabolism for bone health?
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How many types of vitamins are recognized by health organizations?
How many types of vitamins are recognized by health organizations?
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Which group of vitamins includes biotin and folic acid?
Which group of vitamins includes biotin and folic acid?
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Which vitamin is known for acting as a regulator of cell and tissue growth?
Which vitamin is known for acting as a regulator of cell and tissue growth?
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Which option lists components that are chemical transported by albumin?
Which option lists components that are chemical transported by albumin?
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What is a major symptom of dry beriberi?
What is a major symptom of dry beriberi?
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What is the primary function of niacin in the body?
What is the primary function of niacin in the body?
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Which of the following is a common source of niacin?
Which of the following is a common source of niacin?
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What condition results from severe niacin deficiency?
What condition results from severe niacin deficiency?
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What is folate essential for during pregnancy?
What is folate essential for during pregnancy?
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Which symptom is associated with a deficiency in folate?
Which symptom is associated with a deficiency in folate?
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What type of compounds do free radicals damage?
What type of compounds do free radicals damage?
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Which vitamin is known to assist in breaking down homocysteine?
Which vitamin is known to assist in breaking down homocysteine?
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What is a benefit of genetically transformed plants?
What is a benefit of genetically transformed plants?
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Which of the following best describes gene therapy?
Which of the following best describes gene therapy?
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Which organism is NOT mentioned as being genetically modified for production of antibiotics?
Which organism is NOT mentioned as being genetically modified for production of antibiotics?
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How does genetic engineering contribute to the production of insulin?
How does genetic engineering contribute to the production of insulin?
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What is one application of recombinant DNA techniques in industries?
What is one application of recombinant DNA techniques in industries?
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What is the role of DNA in eukaryotic cells?
What is the role of DNA in eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following correctly describes nucleotides?
Which of the following correctly describes nucleotides?
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Which process allows ATP to release energy for cellular activities?
Which process allows ATP to release energy for cellular activities?
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What is a major function of GTP in cells?
What is a major function of GTP in cells?
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What type of organisms is referred to as genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
What type of organisms is referred to as genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
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What is typically used as evidence in criminal investigations?
What is typically used as evidence in criminal investigations?
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Where in the cell does ATP production primarily occur?
Where in the cell does ATP production primarily occur?
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What type of sugar is found in DNA?
What type of sugar is found in DNA?
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What is the primary function of triglycerides in the body?
What is the primary function of triglycerides in the body?
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Which lipoprotein is known as 'bad' cholesterol?
Which lipoprotein is known as 'bad' cholesterol?
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What type of condition is atherosclerosis?
What type of condition is atherosclerosis?
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What are phospholipids primarily known for in biological systems?
What are phospholipids primarily known for in biological systems?
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Which function is NOT associated with cholesterol in the human body?
Which function is NOT associated with cholesterol in the human body?
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What is true about HDL cholesterol?
What is true about HDL cholesterol?
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What do triglycerides convert to when the body has unused calories?
What do triglycerides convert to when the body has unused calories?
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What characterizes the structure of a phospholipid?
What characterizes the structure of a phospholipid?
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Study Notes
Organic Chemicals of Life
- 96% of human body mass is composed of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen, primarily in water (H₂O).
- Most important compounds are macronutrients, required in large amounts, providing energy (calories).
- Examples include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
- Micronutrients, or trace elements, are also essential but needed in smaller amounts.
- Examples include vitamins and mineral salts.
- Chemicals of life are grouped into:
- Organic compounds
- Inorganic compounds
Organic Chemicals of Life - Examples
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Proteins: Long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
- Essential amino acids (cannot be made by the body) come from food.
- Non-essential amino acids are produced by the body.
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Vitamins: Organic compounds needed in small amounts for proper metabolic function, cell function, growth, and development.
- Some examples are Vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, C, D, E, and K.
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Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA): Molecules of life critical for reproduction, growth, development, protein synthesis, and metabolic processes
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Carbohydrates: Simple sugars (monosaccharides; e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose), double sugars (disaccharides; e.g., sucrose, lactose), and complex sugars (polysaccharides; e.g., starch, cellulose, glycogen).
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Lipids: Fats, oils, and waxes; important for energy storage, cell structure, and hormone production. Types include fatty acids, glycerides, non-glyceride lipids, and complex lipids (like lipoproteins and glycolipids).
Inorganic Chemicals of Life
- Water
- Mineral salts
- Gases (oxygen)
- Acids & bases
Carbohydrates - Structure
- Monosaccharides: Single sugar units (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose).
- Disaccharides: Two sugar units joined together (e.g., sucrose, lactose, maltose).
- Oligosaccharides: Three to ten sugar units (e.g., raffinose, stachyose).
- Polysaccharides: Many sugar units joined together (e.g., starch, cellulose, glycogen).
Carbohydrates - Functions
- Primary energy source for cells
- Storage of energy (glycogen)
- Component of cell structures (e.g., cellulose in plant cell walls)
- Part of other biomolecules (e.g., glycoproteins, glycolipids)
Glucose
- Main sugar metabolized in the body for energy (ATP).
- Blood glucose levels must be maintained within a narrow range.
- Insulin converts excess glucose into glycogen for storage.
- Glucagon converts glycogen to glucose when needed.
Disaccharides
- Types include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
- Formed by the joining of two monosaccharides via a glycosidic bond.
- Examples include sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), and maltose (glucose + glucose)
Lactose Intolerance
- Inability to fully digest lactose due to a deficiency in the enzyme lactase.
- Characterized by symptoms like abdominal cramps, bloating, and diarrhea when consuming dairy products.
Oligosaccharides
- Three to ten simple sugar units present in beans, legumes, and other foods
- Unique glycosidic bonds prevent absorption by the small intestine
- Metabolized by bacteria in the large intestine to produce gas/bloating
Dietary Fiber
- Indigestible polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gum).
- Insoluble and soluble types
- Helps with maintaining digestive health through easier defecation, reducing constipation and problems related to the colon
Lipids
- Fats, oils, and waxes
- Four main groups: fatty acids, glycerides, non-glycerides, and complex lipids.
Triglycerides
- Major energy reserve in the body, storing unused calories in the form of fats
- Composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.
- Excess triglycerides can increase the risk of heart attacks.
- Sources include foods with saturated or unsaturated fats.
Cholesterol
- Waxy substance, a type of steroid.
- Needed for cell membranes, hormones, and vitamin D.
- High levels can increase the risk of heart disease due to buildup of LDLs creating plaque
- Cholesterol carried in bloodstream via lipoproteins are of two types LDL (bad) and HDL (good), with LDL depositing and causing plaque buildup.
Essential Fatty Acids
- The body cannot manufacture certain fatty acids and thus are considered essential fatty acids that need to be taken in through diet (e.g omega-3, omega-6)
Phospholipids
- Major component of cell membranes, forming a bilayer structure
- Consist of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and a phosphate head group.
- Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails are key features for bilayer formation
- Essential for cell membrane integrity.
Steroids
- A type of lipid that includes hormones like cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone
- Structurally characterized by a specific four-ring structure
- Important in cell signaling and various physiological processes.
- Cholesterol is a major steroid found in animal tissues.
Nucleic Acids
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- Store and process genetic information.
- DNA stores the genetic code.
- RNA plays an important role in protein synthesis.
High Energy Compounds
- Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy currency in the body.
- Used by cells for various metabolic activities; muscles contraction.
- Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is another important high-energy molecule also involved in metabolic activities.
Functions of Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA
- DNA is responsible for storing and transferring genetic information to new cells
- DNA fingerprinting is a chemical test that shows the genetic makeup of an individual.
- Functions in crime, paternity, disease diagnosis, vaccine development, and cancer research.
- RNA plays important roles in protein synthesis and gene regulation.
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Organisms with altered genetic material via genetic engineering
- Used for various purposes, such as pharmaceutical production, disease resistance in crops, and genetic research.
- GMOs contain foreign genes inserted to introduce specific traits.
Gene Therapy
- Technique using genetic engineering to treat hereditary diseases by replacing defective genes with normal ones
- Includes bacterial, viral, and other delivery systems to insert genes into target cells
- Application for various medical conditions, but not without potential side effects
- Recombinant DNA technology uses genetically modified bacteria for large-scale insulin production; vaccines and interferons also produced through this technology.
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Description
Explore the essential organic and inorganic compounds that compose the human body and their roles in health. This quiz covers macronutrients like carbohydrates and proteins, as well as micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals. Test your knowledge on how these chemicals contribute to life and their significance in nutrition.
