Organ Systems in Human Anatomy and Physiology

Integumentary System
- Composed of skin, hair, nails, and glands.
- Functions: Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, and vitamin D synthesis.
Skeletal System
- Comprised of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.
- Functions: Support, movement, protection of vital organs, blood cell production, and mineral storage.
Muscular System
- Includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
- Functions: Movement, posture maintenance, and heat production.
Nervous System
- Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- Functions: Control of body activities, processing sensory information, and coordination of responses.
Endocrine System
- Glands (e.g., pituitary, thyroid, adrenal) that secrete hormones.
- Functions: Regulation of metabolism, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis.
Cardiovascular System
- Composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- Functions: Transportation of nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products; regulation of body temperature.
Lymphatic System
- Includes lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and the spleen.
- Functions: Immune response, fluid balance, and fat absorption.
Respiratory System
- Composed of the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm.
- Functions: Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide), regulation of blood pH, and vocalization.
Digestive System
- Includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas.
- Functions: Breakdown of food, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination.
Urinary System
- Comprises the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
- Functions: Waste removal, regulation of blood volume and composition, and maintenance of acid-base balance.
Reproductive System
- Male: Includes testes, penis, seminal vesicles, and prostate.
- Female: Comprises ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
- Functions: Production of gametes, hormonal regulation, and reproduction.

Integumentary System

Made up of skin, hair, nails, and glands.
Provides protection from external elements and pathogens.
Sensory receptors allow detection of temperature and pressure.
Regulates body temperature and synthesizes vitamin D.

Skeletal System

Composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.
Offers support and structure to the body.
Facilitates movement through attachment points for muscles.
Protects vital organs and produces blood cells in bone marrow.
Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

Muscular System

Divided into skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
Responsible for movement of the body and maintaining posture.
Generates heat through muscular contractions.

Nervous System

Encompasses the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Controls and coordinates body activities and functions.
Processes sensory information and generates responses.

Endocrine System

Comprises glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
Secretes hormones that regulate metabolism and growth.
Affects reproduction and maintains homeostasis.

Cardiovascular System

Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Essential for transporting nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products.
Plays a role in regulating body temperature.

Lymphatic System

Includes lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and the spleen.
Functions in immune response to fight infections.
Maintains fluid balance in tissues and aids in fat absorption.

Respiratory System

Made up of the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm.
Facilitates gas exchange, providing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.
Regulates blood pH and supports vocalization.

Digestive System

Encompasses the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas.
Breaks down food into usable nutrients.
Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream and eliminates waste.

Urinary System

Comprises the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Responsible for the removal of waste products from the body.
Regulates blood volume and composition, maintaining acid-base balance.

Reproductive System

Male: Includes testes, penis, seminal vesicles, and prostate; focuses on gamete production and hormonal regulation.
Female: Comprises ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina; supports gamete production and reproductive functions.