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Questions and Answers
What is the hybridization of the carbon atom in CF4?
What is the hybridization of the carbon atom in CF4?
Which molecule is incorrectly matched with its molecular geometry?
Which molecule is incorrectly matched with its molecular geometry?
Identify the molecular shape of NF3.
Identify the molecular shape of NF3.
How many sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are present in a molecule with a triple bond?
How many sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are present in a molecule with a triple bond?
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Which of the following represents a linear arrangement of atoms?
Which of the following represents a linear arrangement of atoms?
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Which type of hybridization occurs in the carbon atom of ethylene (C2H4)?
Which type of hybridization occurs in the carbon atom of ethylene (C2H4)?
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What is the geometry of AsF5?
What is the geometry of AsF5?
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Which of the following statements about sigma and pi bonds is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about sigma and pi bonds is incorrect?
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What is the hybridization of carbon in chloroform (CHCl3)?
What is the hybridization of carbon in chloroform (CHCl3)?
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What is the molecular geometry of a compound with sp2 hybridization?
What is the molecular geometry of a compound with sp2 hybridization?
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In which molecular shape do bond angles of around 90 degrees and 120 degrees exist?
In which molecular shape do bond angles of around 90 degrees and 120 degrees exist?
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What characterizes a sigma bond compared to a pi bond?
What characterizes a sigma bond compared to a pi bond?
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Which type of hybridization involves the bonding of six equivalent orbitals?
Which type of hybridization involves the bonding of six equivalent orbitals?
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How many equivalent bonds does a carbon atom typically form when it is sp3 hybridized?
How many equivalent bonds does a carbon atom typically form when it is sp3 hybridized?
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In ethene (C2H4), what type of bonding is present between the two carbon atoms?
In ethene (C2H4), what type of bonding is present between the two carbon atoms?
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What is the bond angle in a tetrahedral molecular geometry?
What is the bond angle in a tetrahedral molecular geometry?
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What hybridization is observed in phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5)?
What hybridization is observed in phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5)?
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In the molecular geometry of SF6, which of the following describes the spatial arrangement of the hybrid orbitals?
In the molecular geometry of SF6, which of the following describes the spatial arrangement of the hybrid orbitals?
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What is the bond angle between the axial and equatorial bonds in PCl5?
What is the bond angle between the axial and equatorial bonds in PCl5?
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In the Lewis structure of Boron trifluoride (BF3), how many valence electrons does boron have?
In the Lewis structure of Boron trifluoride (BF3), how many valence electrons does boron have?
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What type of hybridization is required for the bonding in Boron trifluoride?
What type of hybridization is required for the bonding in Boron trifluoride?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding sp3d hybridization?
Which of the following statements is true regarding sp3d hybridization?
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What shape does SF6 exhibit due to its hybridization?
What shape does SF6 exhibit due to its hybridization?
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Which hybrid orbital arrangement allows for bond angles of 120 degrees in a molecule?
Which hybrid orbital arrangement allows for bond angles of 120 degrees in a molecule?
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What is the hybridization and bond arrangement of the carbon atom in a molecule with a C≡C triple bond?
What is the hybridization and bond arrangement of the carbon atom in a molecule with a C≡C triple bond?
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In the molecule CF4, how many sigma bonds are formed, and what is the hybridization of the carbon atom?
In the molecule CF4, how many sigma bonds are formed, and what is the hybridization of the carbon atom?
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Describe the number and type of bonds associated with the carbon atom in a C=O double bond.
Describe the number and type of bonds associated with the carbon atom in a C=O double bond.
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In the hybridization of phosphorus in PCl5, what geometry do the hybrid orbitals achieve?
In the hybridization of phosphorus in PCl5, what geometry do the hybrid orbitals achieve?
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What incorrect molecular geometry is associated with NH3 according to the content provided?
What incorrect molecular geometry is associated with NH3 according to the content provided?
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How does the electron configuration of sulfur contribute to its hybridization in SF6?
How does the electron configuration of sulfur contribute to its hybridization in SF6?
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How many sigma and pi bonds are found in the molecule C≡C?
How many sigma and pi bonds are found in the molecule C≡C?
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Which type of hybridization is required for the bonding in PF3, and what is its molecular geometry?
Which type of hybridization is required for the bonding in PF3, and what is its molecular geometry?
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Explain the significance of electron promotion in the formation of sp3d hybrid orbitals in PCl5.
Explain the significance of electron promotion in the formation of sp3d hybrid orbitals in PCl5.
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Identify the hybridization of the carbon atom in ethylene (C2H4) and describe its bond types.
Identify the hybridization of the carbon atom in ethylene (C2H4) and describe its bond types.
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Describe how the hybridization of boron in boron trifluoride contributes to its reactivity.
Describe how the hybridization of boron in boron trifluoride contributes to its reactivity.
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What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with sp hybridization and how does it compare to sp3?
What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with sp hybridization and how does it compare to sp3?
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Why does the octet rule not apply to the hybridization of d orbitals?
Why does the octet rule not apply to the hybridization of d orbitals?
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What shape does SF6 have and how is it related to its hybridization?
What shape does SF6 have and how is it related to its hybridization?
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Which elements have their d orbitals involved in hybridization for forming PCl5?
Which elements have their d orbitals involved in hybridization for forming PCl5?
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What is the hybridization and shape of the central atom in Boron trifluoride?
What is the hybridization and shape of the central atom in Boron trifluoride?
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Describe the bond angles associated with sp3 hybridization.
Describe the bond angles associated with sp3 hybridization.
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How many equivalent bonds does a carbon atom form when it is sp2 hybridized, and what is the resulting geometry?
How many equivalent bonds does a carbon atom form when it is sp2 hybridized, and what is the resulting geometry?
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Given that a carbon atom in a molecule has a C=C double bond, what is its hybridization and shape?
Given that a carbon atom in a molecule has a C=C double bond, what is its hybridization and shape?
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What is the hybridization and arrangement of the five orbitals in a molecule with trigonal bipyramidal geometry?
What is the hybridization and arrangement of the five orbitals in a molecule with trigonal bipyramidal geometry?
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Identify the hybridization of the central atom in a tetrahedral molecule and the typical bond angle.
Identify the hybridization of the central atom in a tetrahedral molecule and the typical bond angle.
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In the hybridization of a molecule with six equivalent bonds, what is the hybridization and molecular shape?
In the hybridization of a molecule with six equivalent bonds, what is the hybridization and molecular shape?
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What is the significance of the octet rule in determining the hybridization of the central atom in chloroform (CHCl3)?
What is the significance of the octet rule in determining the hybridization of the central atom in chloroform (CHCl3)?
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Study Notes
Orbital Hybridization
- Orbital hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals. This is important for understanding molecular shapes and bonding.
- The octet rule works well when involving p orbitals, but not with d orbitals.
- Phosphorus in PCI5 uses sp³d hybridization, forming 5 equivalent bonds with 5 chlorine atoms.
- The five sp³d orbitals are directed towards the corners of a trigonal bipyramid.
- Three orbitals are in the same plane (120°) – equatorial P-Cl bonds.
- The remaining two are perpendicular (90°) to this plane (axial P-Cl bonds).
sp³d² Hybridization - SF₆
- Sulfur in SF₆ uses sp³d² hybridization.
- The six sp³d² orbitals are directed towards the corners of an octahedron.
- Sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) has an octahedral shape, with a bond angle of 90° between hybrid orbitals.
Orbital Hybridization of Lewis Acid - Boron Trifluoride
- Boron in BF₃ has 3 electrons in the outer shell [2s² 2p¹].
- Every fluorine atom satisfies the octet rule.
- Boron is deficient of 2 electrons (sextet), making it electrophilic.
- Boron trifluoride has a trigonal planar geometry with bond angles of 120°.
- P orbitals are in white, sp² orbitals are gray.
Orbital Hybrids Summary
- Summary table correlating number of hybrid orbitals required with molecular geometry, hybrid type, and bond angles (Linear, Trigonal Planar, Tetrahedral, Trigonal Bipyramidal, and Octahedral).
Worked Example - Chloroform (CHCl₃)
- Carbon (central atom) forms 4 equivalent bonds and obeys the octet rule.
- Carbon is therefore sp³ hybridized, exhibiting tetrahedral geometry and approximately 109° bond angles.
Worked Examples - Predicting Hybridization, Shape, and Bond Angles of Carbon Atoms
- Various examples illustrate how to predict hybridization, shape, and bond angles of carbon atoms based on the number of bonds they form, including single, double, and triple bonds.
Worked Examples - How Many σ and π Bonds?
- Worked examples demonstrating the calculation of sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds based on orbital overlap (sp³ with sp³ and sp³ with s, sp² with sp², sp² with sp³, sp³ & s, overlap of p₂ with p₂ orbitals)
- Detailed calculation and descriptions for various molecular structures.
Worked Examples - Choosing Incorrectly Matched Molecules
- Questions providing options for molecules and their corresponding electronic geometries (CF₄-tetrahedral, BeBr₂-linear, H₂O-tetrahedral, NH₃-tetrahedral, PF₃-octahedral) to identify the incorrectly matched molecule.
Worked Examples - Finding Linear Arrangement Molecules
- Questions provide a list of molecules to identify which has a linear arrangement of component atoms.
Worked Examples - Determining Hybrid Orbitals
- Identifying the hybrid orbitals (sp, sp², sp³, sp³d, sp³d²) utilized by carbon atoms in various molecules, including CF₄, molecules.
Worked Examples - Hybridisation of AB₃ Molecule
- Determining the hybridization of the central atom (A) in an AB3 molecule having two lone pairs.
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