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Questions and Answers
What type of hybridization occurs in a molecule with 3 bonded atoms and 0 lone pairs?
What type of hybridization occurs in a molecule with 3 bonded atoms and 0 lone pairs?
Which of the following molecules has sp3 hybridization?
Which of the following molecules has sp3 hybridization?
How many total hybrid orbitals are used in the hybridization of SF6?
How many total hybrid orbitals are used in the hybridization of SF6?
Which statement correctly describes the bond formation in a sigma bond?
Which statement correctly describes the bond formation in a sigma bond?
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What is the total number of lone pairs and bonded atoms in the molecule that exhibits sp hybridization?
What is the total number of lone pairs and bonded atoms in the molecule that exhibits sp hybridization?
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How many hybrid orbitals are formed when two atomic orbitals are mixed?
How many hybrid orbitals are formed when two atomic orbitals are mixed?
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Which type of hybridization results in the formation of four hybrid orbitals?
Which type of hybridization results in the formation of four hybrid orbitals?
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What is the primary purpose of hybridization in the context of valence bond theory?
What is the primary purpose of hybridization in the context of valence bond theory?
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When mixing orbitals for sp² hybridization, which atomic orbitals are primarily involved?
When mixing orbitals for sp² hybridization, which atomic orbitals are primarily involved?
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Which hybridization involves mixing one s orbital with all three p orbitals?
Which hybridization involves mixing one s orbital with all three p orbitals?
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What type of hybrid orbitals are formed in BeCl2?
What type of hybrid orbitals are formed in BeCl2?
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Which hybridization occurs in BF3?
Which hybridization occurs in BF3?
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In which molecule do sp3 hybrid orbitals occur?
In which molecule do sp3 hybrid orbitals occur?
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What type of bond is a sigma bond?
What type of bond is a sigma bond?
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Which hybridization type is involved in SF6?
Which hybridization type is involved in SF6?
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What type of bond has electron density concentrated around the internuclear axis?
What type of bond has electron density concentrated around the internuclear axis?
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In a double bond, how many pi bonds are present?
In a double bond, how many pi bonds are present?
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How many total bonds (sigma and pi) are present in a triple bond?
How many total bonds (sigma and pi) are present in a triple bond?
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What is the total number of sigma bonds in acetic acid (CH3COOH)?
What is the total number of sigma bonds in acetic acid (CH3COOH)?
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What is the electron density characteristic of a pi bond?
What is the electron density characteristic of a pi bond?
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What type of bond is formed when two adjacent nuclei share a pair of electrons and have a side-to-side overlap of orbitals?
What type of bond is formed when two adjacent nuclei share a pair of electrons and have a side-to-side overlap of orbitals?
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Which type of molecule is formed with both sigma and pi bonds?
Which type of molecule is formed with both sigma and pi bonds?
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In the acetic acid molecule, how many pi bonds are there?
In the acetic acid molecule, how many pi bonds are there?
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How many s bonds are present in the hybridized structure?
How many s bonds are present in the hybridized structure?
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What type of hybridization is observed in the central carbon atoms in the given structure?
What type of hybridization is observed in the central carbon atoms in the given structure?
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Which atom is likely to form a p bond in the given hybridized molecule?
Which atom is likely to form a p bond in the given hybridized molecule?
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In compounds with sp2 hybridization, what is the angle between the bonds?
In compounds with sp2 hybridization, what is the angle between the bonds?
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How many p bonds can be present around a single sp3 hybridized carbon atom?
How many p bonds can be present around a single sp3 hybridized carbon atom?
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Which hybridization is involved in the formation of double bonds?
Which hybridization is involved in the formation of double bonds?
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Which of the following molecule components is characterized by sp hybridization?
Which of the following molecule components is characterized by sp hybridization?
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What is the geometric shape around a carbon atom that is sp2 hybridized?
What is the geometric shape around a carbon atom that is sp2 hybridized?
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Study Notes
Valence Bond (VB) Theory and Orbital Hybridization
- Valence Bond (VB) Theory explains covalent bonding by assuming overlap of atomic orbitals.
- Orbital hybridization involves mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals.
- The number of hybrid orbitals equals the number of atomic orbitals mixed.
- Hybridization type depends on the atomic orbitals involved.
Types of Hybrid Orbitals
- sp: Linear shape
- sp²: Trigonal planar shape (120°)
- sp³: Tetrahedral shape (109.5°)
- sp³d: Trigonal bipyramidal shape
- sp³d²: Octahedral shape
Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory and Electron Delocalization
- Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory describes bonding by combining atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals.
- Electrons fill molecular orbitals following the Aufbau principle, Hund's rule, and the Pauli exclusion principle.
- Delocalization of electrons in molecular orbitals leads to increased stability.
Sigma (σ) and Pi (π) Bonds
- Sigma (σ) bonds: Formed by head-on overlap of atomic orbitals, concentrated along the internuclear axis.
- Pi (π) bonds: Formed by side-by-side overlap of p orbitals, concentrated above and below the internuclear axis.
- Multiple bonds contain both sigma and pi bonds.
- Single bonds are sigma bonds.
Determining Hybridization
- Count the number of lone pairs and bonded atoms around the central atom.
- Add the number of lone pairs and bonded atoms.
- The resulting number corresponds to a specific hybridization type.
Hybrid Orbital Examples by central atom and molecule
- BeCl₂ (sp): Linear shape, 2 bonding pairs, 0 lone pairs
- BF₃ (sp²): Trigonal planar shape, 3 bonding pairs, 0 lone pairs
- CH₄ (sp³): Tetrahedral shape, 4 bonding pairs, 0 lone pairs
- NH₃ (sp³): Tetrahedral shape, 3 bonding pairs, 1 lone pair
- H₂O (sp³): Bent shape (non-linear), 2 bonding pairs, 2 lone pairs
- PCl₅ (sp³d): Trigonal bipyramidal shape, 5 bonding pairs, 0 lone pairs
- SF₆ (sp³d²): Octahedral shape, 6 bonding pairs, 0 lone pairs
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Description
This quiz explores Valence Bond (VB) Theory and the concept of orbital hybridization. It covers the types of hybrid orbitals, the hybridization process, and introduces Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory. Engage with the fundamental concepts that govern covalent bonding and electron delocalization.
