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Questions and Answers
What are considered liquid oral dosage forms?
Which of the following is NOT a type of solution in oral liquid dosage forms?
What is a primary advantage of using oral liquid dosage forms?
Which of the following is classified as a liquid dispersion system?
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Which group of patients finds it especially easy to swallow liquid forms of medication?
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What process occurs when oil droplets in an emulsion float to the top, forming a dense layer?
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What is the outcome of phase inversion in an emulsion?
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Which term describes the irreversible separation of phases in an emulsion?
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What characteristic differentiates gels from magmas in terms of particle visibility?
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What factor does NOT affect the rate of separation of two phases in an emulsion?
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What is one major disadvantage of oral liquid dosage forms?
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Which administration method is most suitable for giving oral liquids to very young children?
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Why should household measuring devices not be used for oral liquids?
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What is a common requirement for storing compounded oral liquids?
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What is a notable characteristic of medication spoons used for oral liquids?
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Which of the following is a reason why oral liquids might be considered less economical compared to solid dosage forms?
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What is the purpose of shaking suspensions and emulsions prior to dosing?
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What should be done when a liquid medication requires reconstitution?
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What distinguishes an oral suspension from an oral solution?
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Which oral dosage form typically contains a high concentration of sugar?
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What type of dispersion contains large or coarse particles?
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What is the primary purpose of an oral elixir?
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Which of the following best describes an oral solution?
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Why are colloidal dispersions resistant to settling out?
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In which scenario would you most likely use an oral suspension?
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What is a key characteristic of oral suspensions and emulsions?
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What advantage do suspensions have for drugs that are chemically unstable in solution?
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What defines a colloidal dispersion compared to other types of dispersions?
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Which of the following is an example of a drug that might need to be suspended?
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What is a common disadvantage of suspensions and colloidal dispersions?
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Why might a drug with a very unpleasant taste be more palatable in a dispersion?
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Study Notes
Oral Liquid Dosage Forms
- Oral Liquid Dosage Forms include solutions and dispersions
- Solutions include syrups, elixirs, aromatic waters, and tinctures.
- Dispersions include suspensions, magmas, gels, and emulsions.
- Swallowing liquids is easier than swallowing solid forms of medications for children and Elders.
- Accurate dosing is possible with liquid medications.
- Drugs in solution disintegrate for quicker absorption (solutions only).
- Liquid compounds are usually easy to make.
- Liquid medications, for both compounded and manufactured medications, require the use of oral syringes, calibrated measuring devices, calibrated droppers, or medication cups.
- Do not use household measuring devices because they are inaccurate.
- Compounded liquids should be dispensed with an appropriate measuring device.
- Storage requirements for liquids are product-specific. Some products are stored at room temperature, while others require refrigeration.
- Packaging for compounded liquids (for oral or topical use) should be in glass or plastic light-resistant containers.
- Suspensions and emulsions need to be shaken prior to each dose.
Dispersions
- Dispersions are liquid preparations of undissolved or immiscible drug particles distributed throughout a vehicle.
- Dispersions with large or coarse particles include suspensions and emulsions.
- Dispersions with small or fine particles are called colloidal dispersions and include magmas and gels.
- Oral suspensions and emulsions are opaque mixtures (non-transparent) of undissolved particles (solids or liquids) in a fluid.
- These types of mixtures are physically unstable because the solute tends to settle to the bottom of the liquid and/or liquid globules blend together to form a separate layer.
- A colloidal dispersion is a mixture in which small particles (powder form) are permanently dispersed throughout a solvent.
- Colloids consist of two separate phases – a dispersed phase (or internal phase) and a continuous phase (or dispersion medium).
- The size of the particles differentiates colloidal dispersions such as magmas and gels from suspensions.
- In colloidal dispersions, the particle size is smaller, making the solute more resistant to settling out.
Suspensions
- Suspensions are preparations containing finely divided drug particles distributed throughout a vehicle.
- Some drugs are chemically unstable in solution but are stable when suspended.
- The rate of separation of the two phases is affected by the particle size of the dispersed phase, the relative density of the phases, and the viscosity of the external phase.
Emulsions
- Emulsions are mixtures that consist of two immiscible liquids (liquid-liquid).
- One liquid is dispersed throughout the other liquid as small droplets.
- Two phases in an emulsion consist of a dispersed phase (internal phase) and a dispersion medium (external phase).
- The dispersed phase droplets are surrounded by a film of the dispersion medium to prevent coalescence (merging).
- To ensure adequate dispersion of the two phases of an emulsion, a stabilizing agent known as an emulsifier is added.
- Most oral emulsions consist of an oil dispersed in a water medium (o/w).
Emulsion Problems
- Creaming is when the two phases of an emulsion separate. Oil is less dense than water so each drop is prone to floating upwards. This process is called creaming – the oil droplets will gradually form a dense layer at the top of the product.
- Phase inversion occurs when the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium reverse roles. The emulsion changes from w/o to o/w or vice versa.
- Cracking (broken emulsion) occurs when there is complete and irreversible separation of the phases (cannot re-combine).
Gels and Magmas
- Gels and magmas are examples of colloidal dispersions because of the very small particle size in the dispersed phase.
- Gels and magmas have the smallest particle sizes of all the dispersions.
- Gels are semi-solid like a jelly. Some gels are clear and some are turbid.
- A magma (also known as a milk) is a gel mass in which the particles are distinct.
- Gels and magmas tend to remain fairly uniform when standing. Moderate shaking will restore uniformity prior to administration.
- Some chemicals gel on heating and others gel on cooling, so it is important to store these products properly.
- Milk of Magnesia® is an example of a magma.
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Description
This quiz covers the various types of oral liquid dosage forms, including solutions and dispersions. It addresses the advantages of liquid medications, dosing accuracy, and specific storage requirements. Perfect for those studying pharmacology or medication administration.
