Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one advantage of oral communication?
What is one advantage of oral communication?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of oral communication?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of oral communication?
Why is oral communication considered effective for resolving conflicts?
Why is oral communication considered effective for resolving conflicts?
Which of the following is an example of a scenario where oral communication would be most suitable?
Which of the following is an example of a scenario where oral communication would be most suitable?
Signup and view all the answers
How does oral communication differ from written communication?
How does oral communication differ from written communication?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of a defining relative clause?
What is the main purpose of a defining relative clause?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following relative pronouns can be used for both people and things in a defining relative clause?
Which of the following relative pronouns can be used for both people and things in a defining relative clause?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following sentences contains a defining relative clause?
Which of the following sentences contains a defining relative clause?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the meaning of a sentence if a defining relative clause is removed?
What happens to the meaning of a sentence if a defining relative clause is removed?
Signup and view all the answers
Can a defining relative clause be dropped without affecting the meaning of the sentence?
Can a defining relative clause be dropped without affecting the meaning of the sentence?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between defining and non-defining relative clauses?
What is the main difference between defining and non-defining relative clauses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these correctly describes the use of relative pronouns in defining relative clauses?
Which of these correctly describes the use of relative pronouns in defining relative clauses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one advantage of written communication compared to oral communication?
What is one advantage of written communication compared to oral communication?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes informal language?
Which of the following best describes informal language?
Signup and view all the answers
In what situation is formal language most appropriate?
In what situation is formal language most appropriate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one characteristic of formal vocabulary?
What is one characteristic of formal vocabulary?
Signup and view all the answers
Which example demonstrates informal language?
Which example demonstrates informal language?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of a modal verb used for politeness?
Which of the following is an example of a modal verb used for politeness?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a reason written communication is considered more advantageous?
What is a reason written communication is considered more advantageous?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a feature of written communication?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of written communication?
Signup and view all the answers
Which relative pronoun is used for people and sometimes pet animals?
Which relative pronoun is used for people and sometimes pet animals?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a use of the relative pronoun 'WHO'?
Which of the following is NOT a use of the relative pronoun 'WHO'?
Signup and view all the answers
In what type of relative clause is 'who' used for non-defining purposes?
In what type of relative clause is 'who' used for non-defining purposes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main grammatical function of 'who' in the sentence: 'The woman who I saw yesterday was Amy.'?
What is the main grammatical function of 'who' in the sentence: 'The woman who I saw yesterday was Amy.'?
Signup and view all the answers
Which relative pronoun is appropriate for non-human objects?
Which relative pronoun is appropriate for non-human objects?
Signup and view all the answers
When can 'who' be used as the complement of a preposition?
When can 'who' be used as the complement of a preposition?
Signup and view all the answers
Which relative pronoun can be used in formal situations to show possession?
Which relative pronoun can be used in formal situations to show possession?
Signup and view all the answers
Which sentence correctly uses the relative pronoun 'who'?
Which sentence correctly uses the relative pronoun 'who'?
Signup and view all the answers
Which sentence correctly uses the relative pronoun 'which' in a defining clause?
Which sentence correctly uses the relative pronoun 'which' in a defining clause?
Signup and view all the answers
In which of the following sentences does 'which' refer to a whole sentence?
In which of the following sentences does 'which' refer to a whole sentence?
Signup and view all the answers
When is it appropriate to use 'whose' as a relative pronoun?
When is it appropriate to use 'whose' as a relative pronoun?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these sentences uses 'which' as the object of a verb in a relative clause?
Which of these sentences uses 'which' as the object of a verb in a relative clause?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following demonstrates the formal use of 'which' with a preposition?
Which of the following demonstrates the formal use of 'which' with a preposition?
Signup and view all the answers
Identify the incorrect use of 'which' in a sentence:
Identify the incorrect use of 'which' in a sentence:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between 'which' and 'that' in relative clauses?
What is the main difference between 'which' and 'that' in relative clauses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which summary best describes the use of 'which' in a sentence?
Which summary best describes the use of 'which' in a sentence?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following strategies is used to ensure that the listener has comprehended what the speaker said?
Which of the following strategies is used to ensure that the listener has comprehended what the speaker said?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of 'time-gaining strategies' in oral discourse?
What is the purpose of 'time-gaining strategies' in oral discourse?
Signup and view all the answers
Which example from the text demonstrates a 'maintenance strategy'?
Which example from the text demonstrates a 'maintenance strategy'?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these is NOT a strategy that focuses on ‘Oral Communication’?
Which of these is NOT a strategy that focuses on ‘Oral Communication’?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these is an example of a 'help-seeking strategy'?
Which of these is an example of a 'help-seeking strategy'?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of 'recast' in oral negotiation strategies?
What is the purpose of 'recast' in oral negotiation strategies?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these examples demonstrates a 'clarification request'?
Which of these examples demonstrates a 'clarification request'?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of a 'confirmation check' in oral discourse?
What is the primary function of a 'confirmation check' in oral discourse?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Oral Communication
- Oral communication is more personal and less formal than written communication.
- It is more flexible and quicker.
- Oral communication is effective in addressing conflicts or problems.
Types of Informal Oral Communication
- Face-to-face conversations
- Telephone conversations
- Discussions at business meetings
Types of Formal Oral Communication
- Presentations at business meetings
- Lectures
- Commencement speeches
Strategies on Oral Discourse
-
Oral Communicative Strategies:
- Time-gaining strategies
- Maintenance strategies
- Help-seeking strategies
-
Oral Negotiation Strategies:
- Clarification requests
- Confirmation checks
- Comprehension checks
- Negotiation strategies which focus on form
- Recast
- Explicit correction
Time-Gaining Strategies
- Using filler expressions to gain time to think
- Examples: Really?, Uhm, let me see, well, sure
Maintenance Strategies
- Making a positive comment or remark to keep the conversation going
- Examples: I understand, I see, I see what you mean, Sounds good, Very good
- Shadowing (partially repeating what the partner has said)
- Example: Speaker 1: I'm from Kenya and my family is big. Speaker 2: Oh! Kenya!
Help-Seeking Strategies
- Asking for help (e.g., "I don't understand," "What does ... mean?," "How do you say ...?")
- Asking for repetition ("Could you repeat that?")
- Indicating a problem ("Louder please," "I can't hear you well")
Clarification Requests
- One partner does not understand well and requests an explanation.
- Examples: What?, What did you say?
Confirmation Checks
- The listener checks that he/she has understood his partner correctly.
- Example: Did you say...?
Comprehension Checks
- To be sure our partner has understood. Examples: Do you understand?, Is it clear?, Do you agree?
Negotiation Strategies on Form
-
Recast: Your partner corrects your language
- Example: Speaker 1: Me like golf. Speaker 2: I like golf. Speaker 1: Yes, I like golf.
-
Explicit Correction: You correct your partner by explaining what is wrong
- Example: Speaker 1: You get up early? Speaker 2: You need Do You before get up. Speaker 1: Do you get up early?
Written Communication
- More unique and more formal
- Valid and reliable
- Precise and explicit
- Records and references
- Delay and takes time as feedback is not immediate
Formal and Informal Language
- Informal language is used in relaxed situations involving people well-known.
- Formal language is used in serious situations involving unfamiliar or important people.
Examples of Formal and Informal Language
- Formal: She has decided to accept the job.
- Informal: She's decided to accept the job.
Formal and Informal Vocabulary
- Formal vocabulary often involves longer words with Latin or Greek origins.
- Informal vocabulary commonly involves shorter words with Anglo-Saxon origins.
Modal Verbles
- Modal verbs are used to be more formal and polite
- Examples: Can I suggest..., May I suggest ..., Might I suggest...
Verbs
- Lists of formal and informal verbs
Transitions
- Lists of formal and informal transitions
Letter Expressions
- Lists of formal and informal letter expressions
Relative Pronouns
- A relative pronoun is a word that refers to a noun, animal, or idea mentioned previously in the text and introduces relative clauses.
- Common relative pronouns in English include which, that, whose, who, whom, when, and where.
- Relative pronouns can be used to join two or more sentences.
Defining Relative Clauses
- Provide essential information about the noun they refer to.
- Cannot be left out without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Non-Defining Relative Clauses
- Provide extra information about the noun.
- Can be left out without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Asking for Something
- Speech-act theory introduced in 1975 by J.L. Austin, further developed by J.R. Searle
- Requests in English are usually made in the form of questions.
How to Express Refusal
- Make a statement of regret
- Explain why the answer is no
- Offer an alternative (if possible)
How to Express Acceptance
- Use phrases such as thanking for the invitation, expressing pleasure
How to Express Compliments
- Be specific
- Don't overdo it
- Use appropriate tone
How to Express Invitations
- Use phrases such as "Would you like...?" or "Do you want...?"
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores the nuances of oral communication, highlighting the differences between formal and informal types. Learn about various strategies for effective oral discourse and negotiation, including maintenance and time-gaining techniques. Test your understanding of how these strategies can enhance communication effectiveness in different contexts.
