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Questions and Answers
Which of the following are Macro Skills of Communication?
What is the nature of communication?
Process, Interactive, Symbolic
The five basic elements of communication are sender, receiver, message, channel, and ______.
feedback
Which model of communication is known as the 'mother of all models'?
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Communication breakdown is a failure to exchange information resulting in a lack of communication.
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List two types of barriers to communication.
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To avoid communication breakdown, one should communicate ______ on important issues.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the 7Cs of communication?
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What is the primary reason the outer core of the Earth is liquid?
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Which layer of the atmosphere is known for containing clouds?
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What defines the term 'cleavage' in mineralogy?
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What process is described as the compaction and cementation of sediments?
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Which type of rock is formed by mechanical weathering?
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Which layer of the Earth’s atmosphere is the coldest?
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What term describes Earth’s ability to support life due to its distance from the sun?
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Which property is NOT associated with minerals?
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Which property of water allows it to be a universal solvent?
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Which subsystem of Earth is defined by all ecosystems where life exists?
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Study Notes
Macro Skills of Communication/Language Learning
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Communication Skills Categories
- Productive Skills: Producing and sharing information (Writing, Speaking)
- Receptive Skills: Receiving information (Reading, Listening, Viewing)
Nature of Communication
- Process: Communication is active, ongoing, and dynamic
- Interactive: Involves two or more participants
- Symbolic: Utilizes writing, spoken words, or actions for expression
Basic Elements of Communication
- Sender/Speaker: Initiates the communication
- Receiver: Audience or recipient of the message
- Message: Content being communicated
- Channel: Medium through which the message is conveyed
- Feedback: Response from the receiver
- Noise: External or internal factors that disrupt communication
Functions of Communication
- Regulation/Control: Directing behavior
- Social Interaction: Facilitating social relationships
- Motivation: Encouraging actions or thoughts
- Emotional Expression: Sharing feelings
- Information Dissemination: Spreading knowledge
Models of Communication
- Linear Model: One-way transmission without feedback
- Interactive/Convergence Model: Two-way communication with responses
- Transactional Model: Simultaneous sending and receiving of messages, both parties are communicators
The 5 Major Models of Communication
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Lasswell's Communication Model
- Formulated by Harold Dwight Lasswell
- Answers: Who, Says What, In Which Channel, To Whom, With What Effect
- Linear representation
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Berlo's SMCR Model
- Developed by David Berlo
- Focuses on the transfer of information in a linear manner
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Shannon-Weaver Model
- Created by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver (1948)
- Known as the "mother of all models" and utilizes mathematical theory
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Schramm Model of Communication
- Proposed by Wilbur Lang Schramm (1954)
- Emphasizes interactivity and effective exchange between sender and receiver
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Aristotle's Model
- Regarded as the first model of communication, developed by Aristotle
- Speaker-centered and linear, useful for public speaking
Communication Breakdown
- Definition: Failure to effectively exchange information
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Barriers to Communication:
- Physical Barrier: Environmental conditions hindering communication
- Psychological Barrier: Social or personal issues affecting a speaker
- Cultural Barrier: Differences in beliefs and traditions
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Linguistic Barrier: Conflicts arising from language differences
- Denotation: Literal meaning
- Connotation: Associated feelings and ideas
- Jargon: Specialized terms difficult for outsiders to understand
Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown
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Five Ways (Ronnie Peterson):
- Achieve clarity of thought before speaking
- Develop active listening skills
- Be mindful of body language and tone
- Build confidence through feedback and observation
- Prefer face-to-face communication for important discussions
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Tips (Broom, Cutlip, and Center, 2012):
- Clearness: Clear message delivery
- Conciseness: Avoid unnecessary information
- Concreteness: Provide specific details
- Correctness: Ensure accuracy in communication
- Completeness: Cover all necessary aspects
- Consideration: Acknowledge receiver's perspective
- Courtesy: Display respect in communication
Earth Overview
- Earth is the only known planet in the solar system that supports life and is located in the Goldilocks Zone.
- It is confirmed to have liquid water on its surface, a crucial element for life.
Atmosphere Layers
- Stratosphere: Contains the ozone layer, which protects against harmful solar radiation; common for airplane flights.
- Mesosphere: The coldest layer of the atmosphere, referred to as the "middle" layer.
- Thermosphere: The hottest layer, where the Aurora Borealis occurs.
- Exosphere: The outermost layer, where spacecraft travel.
Earth's Subsystems
- Biosphere: Encompasses all parts of Earth where life exists.
- Hydrosphere: Total amount of water on Earth, found in various forms (solid, liquid, gas), and is a universal solvent.
- Geosphere: Comprises rocks and minerals, includes layers: Crust, Mantle, and Core (inner and outer).
- Atmosphere Composition: 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other gases.
Properties and Types of Minerals
- Properties: Minerals must be naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids with a definite chemical composition and orderly crystalline structure.
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Physical Properties:
- Color: Observable but can vary in minerals.
- Streak: Color when powdered.
- Hardness: Resistance to abrasion.
- Cleavage/Fracture: Tendency to break along flat surfaces or irregular shapes.
- Crystal Habit: The external shape of crystals.
- Diaphaneity: Transparency level.
- Luster: Reflective quality of minerals.
- Tenacity: Reaction of minerals to stress.
Rock Types
- Rocks are solid collections of mineral grains; three primary types include:
- Igneous: Formed from cooled magma or lava.
- Sedimentary: Formed through the accumulation of sediments.
- Metamorphic: Formed by altering existing rocks through heat and pressure.
Mining Operations
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Surface Mining: Extracts minerals from near the surface; can be destructive to the landscape.
- Open Pit Mining: A large hole in the ground; cost-effective and simpler.
- Strip Mining: Involves removing strips of overburden to access deposits.
Fossil Fuels
- Remains of ancient plants and animals; non-renewable resources.
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Types:
- Coal: Composed of carbon; types include anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite.
- Oil (Petroleum): Organic material, primarily from algae.
- Natural Gas: Mainly methane, a naturally occurring hydrocarbon.
Renewable Energy Sources (RES)
- Renewable energy is derived from natural resources replenished faster than consumed; significant types include:
- Solar Energy: Generated from sunlight using solar cells.
- Wind Energy: Exploits wind currents to generate power.
- Hydroelectric Energy: Most reliable source, utilizing water flow for energy.
Water as a Resource
- Sources: Surface water (rivers, lakes), glaciers, groundwater; drinkable water is primarily underground.
- Water Cycle: Includes processes like condensation, precipitation, collection, and evaporation.
Water Pollution Factors
- Influenced by biological factors, landscape/topography, and parent material (it determines soil formation).
- Water Stress: Insufficient water caused by population growth, business expansion, and climate change.
Weathering and Soil Types
- Residual Soil: Formed from the weathering of the underlying rock.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the macro skills of communication, emphasizing both productive and receptive skills. It explores the nature of communication as an active and interactive process. Test your knowledge on how these skills contribute to effective communication in various contexts.
