Oral Communication: Context & Barriers

Oral Communication Context

• Oral communication occurs in various contexts, including interpersonal interactions, public speaking, and group discussions.
• The context influences the communication style, language used, and expected response.
• Formal contexts often require more structured language and a more formal tone than informal contexts.
• Cultural background and social norms play significant roles in shaping communication styles and expectations.
• Physical environment, including noise levels and physical proximity, influences the effectiveness of oral communication.

Barriers to Communication

• Physical barriers: noise, poor acoustics, physical distance, or illness.
• Psychological barriers: prejudices, emotional distress, fear of speaking, lack of confidence, or biases.
• Linguistic barriers: language differences, jargon, or differing interpretations of language.
• Semantic barriers: misinterpretations of words, phrases, or symbols.
• Cultural barriers: differing cultural norms, traditions, or values.
• Physiological barriers: hearing impairments, speech impediments, or other physical limitations.
• Environmental barriers: distractions like interruptions or overly stimulating surroundings.

Communication Models

• Linear model: sender transmits a message to a receiver through a channel. Assumes the receiver passively receives the message.
• Interactive model: sender and receiver exchange messages, with feedback influencing the communication process.
• Transactional model: emphasizes the simultaneous nature of communication where senders and receivers are simultaneously influencing each other. This model acknowledges communication as a continuous dynamic exchange.
• The Shannon-Weaver Model: a mathematical model depicting communication as a process with a sender, a message, a channel, and a receiver and considering noise as a disruptive factor.

Communication Process and Elements

• The process of communication involves a sender, encoding a message using a channel, transmitting the message to a receiver, decoding the message by the receiver, producing feedback and responding to the message.
• Sender: the individual initiating the communication.
• Message: the information being communicated.
• Encoding: The process of converting thoughts and ideas into a form that can be communicated.
• Channel: The medium through which the message is transmitted, such as speech.
• Receiver: The person receiving the message.
• Decoding: The process of interpreting the message.
• Feedback: The response or reaction to the message.
• Noise: any interference or disruption in the communication process (e.g., physical distractions, emotional states, and differing cultural interpretations). Includes barriers, context, and perception filters.
• Context: The situation, environment, culture, and relationship amongst the communicating parties.
• Culture: Shared beliefs and values influence communication styles.
• Perception: Individuals interpret messages based on their individual experiences and perspectives.
• Interpersonal Dynamics: Interactions amongst parties involved will shape the direction and flow of communication.