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Questions and Answers
What is the term for pneumonia that develops due to foreign materials entering the bronchial tree?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of stomatitis?
Which type of stomatitis is characterized by vesicle formation?
What does 'cheilitis' specifically refer to?
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Which of the following structures is NOT part of the oral cavity?
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What is palatoschisis commonly known as?
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Which of the following is a systemic route of pathogen entry into the gastrointestinal tract?
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Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the gum tissues?
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What is the causal agent of Foot and Mouth Disease?
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Which condition is characterized by loss of the epithelial layer and destruction of the basement membrane?
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What type of papules are seen in bovine papular stomatitis?
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Which of the following diseases is associated with myocardial necrosis in young animals?
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What is NOT a characteristic of necrotizing stomatitis?
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Which cell types are found in the microscopic examination of a pyogranuloma associated with actinobacillosis?
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What is the primary agent responsible for granulomatous stomatitis in cattle and sheep?
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Which type of animals are primarily affected by foot and mouth disease?
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What condition is characterized by the malocclusion resulting from a protrusion of the mandible?
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Which of the following conditions is a malignant tumor associated with the oral cavity?
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What is a potential sequel of dental caries?
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Which type of esophagitis is caused by repeated gastric acid reflux?
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What dental condition results from a blockage of the esophagus by foreign material?
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Which dental issue can result from canine distemper in puppies?
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Which condition is characterized by the mineralization of plaque forming dental calculus?
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What is a common cause of esophageal stenosis?
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Study Notes
Oral Cavity and Pharynx
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The oral cavity and pharynx are important parts of the digestive system.
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The oral cavity contains mucous membranes, teeth, tonsils, salivary glands, and the tongue.
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Palatoschisis (cleft palate) is a fissure in the hard palate that allows communication between the oral and nasal cavities.
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Animals with palatoschisis often die from aspiration pneumonia.
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Cheiloschisis (cleft lip or hare lip) is a fissure in the lip.
Stomatitis
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Stomatitis is inflammation of the oral cavity.
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Types of stomatitis include cheilitis (lips), glossitis (tongue), gingivitis (gums), pharyngitis (pharynx), tonsillitis (tonsils), and sialoadenitis (salivary glands).
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Causes of stomatitis include infectious agents, trauma, chemical injury, autoimmune disorders, and systemic diseases.
Classification of Stomatitis
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Superficial stomatitis is limited to the mucosa and includes vesicular stomatitis and erosive and ulcerative stomatitis.
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Vesicular stomatitis is characterized by vesicle formation, fluid-filled raised lesions, and epithelial damage.
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Causes of vesicular stomatitis include autoimmune diseases in dogs and cats, and viral infections like calicivirus in cats, foot and mouth disease in cattle, sheep, and pigs, and vesicular stomatitis in horses, cattle, and pigs.
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Deep stomatitis extends to the submucosa and includes necrotizing stomatitis and granulomatous stomatitis.
Foot and Mouth Disease
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Foot and mouth disease is caused by a picornavirus.
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It is highly contagious and affects mainly ruminants and pigs.
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Gross findings include vesicles on the oral mucosa, feet, and udder.
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Vesicles may rupture leaving ulcers.
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Gray/yellow myocardial necrosis ("tiger heart") can occur in animals less than 6 months old.
Erosive and Ulcerative Stomatitis
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Erosion involves loss of surface epithelium with an intact basement membrane.
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Ulceration involves loss of the epithelial with destruction of the basement membrane, revealing the underlying submucosa.
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Causes of erosive and ulcerative stomatitis include viral infections like BVD, MCF, rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants, bluetongue, FMD, herpesvirus, and uremia.
Necrotizing Stomatitis
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Necrotizing stomatitis is characterized by tissue necrosis.
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An example is calf diphtheria caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum.
Granulomatous Stomatitis
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Granulomatous stomatitis is characterized by granuloma formation.
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Actinobacillosis (wooden tongue) is an example caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii.
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The tongue becomes firm, pale, and contains multifocal nodules with yellow pus "sulfur granules".
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Microscopic analysis reveals a pyogranuloma with bacteria in the center, surrounded by radiating eosinophilic clubs, neutrophils, macrophages, giant cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and a fibrous connective tissue capsule.
Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma
- Feline eosinophilic granuloma is a type of granulomatous stomatitis.
Lymphoplasmacytic Stomatitis
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Lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis is another type of granulomatous stomatitis.
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Feline gingivostomatitis (FGS) is a common example.
Tumors and Tumor-Like Masses
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Benign tumors and tumor-like masses in the oral cavity include gingival hyperplasia, epulis, and papilloma (wart).
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Malignant tumors include squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and fibrosarcoma.
Teeth
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Dental anomalies include prognathia (protrusion of the mandible), brachygnathia (short mandible), and malocclusion.
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Enamel dysplasia can be caused by canine distemper in puppies or BVD intra-uterine infection.
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Attrition and abnormal wear can lead to dental infection, trauma, and wave mouth.
Caries
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Caries is caused by acid demineralization of the tooth and enzymatic digestion of the dental organic matrix, followed by inflammation.
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Dental plaque forms from bacterial film, food, and organic matrix.
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Dental calculus or tartar is mineralized plaque.
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Sequelae of caries include tooth loss, alveolar osteomyelitis, tooth abscess, pulpitis, and bacteremia.
Esophagus
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Choke occurs when the esophagus is blocked by foreign material, usually food.
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Sequelae of choke include stenosis, rupture, perforation, and bloat.
Esophagitis
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Reflux esophagitis is caused by repeated gastric acid reflux.
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Ulcerative esophagitis is caused by viral infections like BVD and bovine popular stomatitis.
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Parasitic esophagitis can be caused by Sarcocystosis in cows and Spirocerca lupi in dogs.
Megaesophagus
- Megaesophagus can be congenital or acquired.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy and health issues related to the oral cavity and pharynx, focusing on conditions such as palatoschisis and stomatitis. Test your knowledge on the structures involved and the types of inflammation that can affect oral health.
