Optics Quiz: Light and Mirrors

Optics

• Identify parts of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., infrared, blue, gamma) and their wavelength/energy relationships.
• Distinguish between light sources like incandescence and phosphorescence.
• Understand plane mirrors: image characteristics, compare angles of incidence and reflection, and visualize "seeing" others in a mirror.
• Describe curved mirrors: draw ray diagrams for concave/convex mirrors, explain image changes with object location.
• Explain lenses: draw ray diagrams for converging/diverging lenses, explain image changes with object location, use focal length/magnification equations, and provide applications (e.g., magnifying lens, projector).
• Describe light refraction: what happens when light enters a medium where speed changes; compare angles of incidence and refraction. Understand applications (mirage, apparent depth).
• Calculate index of refraction using the formula n = c/v using GRASS method.
• Explain total internal reflection: define it, specify conditions, and provide examples (e.g., rainbows).

Biology

• Understand organelles: animal vs. plant, their functions, and their identification in diagrams.
• Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration: know their chemical equations and where they occur in the cell.
• Identify different cell types (e.g., muscle cells), their functions, and be able to recognize them in images.
• Explain specialized cells (animal and plant), their specializations, and provide examples.
• Outline the stages of cell division (interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis) and the reasons for this process.
• Define diffusion and osmosis, and illustrate their scientific importance with examples.
• Detail the stages of mitosis, including sketching diagrams of the process.
• Describe human body systems, focusing on key organs and functions (digestive and respiratory included).
• Analyze interaction of organ systems, explaining why organs work in pairs and the effects of situations such as being tasered.
• Explain plant systems: functions of roots, stems, and leaves; pollen and seed dispersal methods.

Chemistry

• Differentiate between ionic and covalent bonds: identify compounds with each type, draw before/after bonding diagrams indicating electron gain/loss, use nomenclature (formulas/names) for ionic and molecular compounds including prefixes, and use the crossing rule.
• Identify polyatomic ions including the formula and examples (e.g., PO43−).
• Describe common acids and bases, including examples.
• Explain the law of conservation of mass, including situations where gas is created/consumed.
• Balance chemical equations.
• Classify chemical reactions (5 main reaction types).
• Balance and complete chemical reactions.
• Define and identify acids and bases, explaining their pH and neutralization reactions.
• Understand corrosion: what substances corrode and provide examples.
• Investigate climate change: differentiate climate from weather, describe the components of hydrosphere and atmosphere, determine how ocean currents and large bodies of water affect climate, explain albedo, and define positive/negative feedback loops.
• Use proxy records to understand climate change and provide examples, including the sources (using greenhouse gases and anthropogenic emissions).