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OPS102: Operating Systems (Multiple Choice)
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OPS102: Operating Systems (Multiple Choice)

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary reason for the popularity of Unix among hardware vendors?

  • Its versatility in academia
  • Its ability to run on multiple types of computers simultaneously
  • Its open-source code availability
  • The elimination of the need for each vendor to develop their own OS (correct)

    • What is a characteristic of GUIs that makes them less suitable for certain tasks?

  • Not being well-suited for automation
  • Being limited to graphical tasks
  • Requiring excessive repetitive actions (correct)
  • Requiring a high amount of data

    • What was the outcome of Bell Labs' involvement in the Multics project?

  • The development of Unix
  • The creation of Xenix
  • The withdrawal of Bell Labs early in its development (correct)
  • The creation of CP/M

    • Why are CLIs often used over remote connections?

    <p>Because they require less data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the original purpose of the CP/M operating system?

    <p>To monitor and control microcomputers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Microsoft license 86-DOS from another company?

    <p>To fulfill IBM's contract for an operating system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Text User Interfaces?

    <p>They present a full-screen interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the dominant form of interface on personal computers before Microsoft Windows and the Apple Macintosh existed?

    <p>Text User Interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main difference between PC-DOS and MS-DOS?

    <p>PC-DOS was for IBM, while MS-DOS was for Microsoft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor in the development of Unix?

    <p>The experience of Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson in the Multics project</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was standardization impossible in the early days of computing?

    <p>Because many computers were one-of-a-kind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of GUIs in terms of data requirement?

    <p>They require a high amount of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the development of Xenix?

    <p>To create a derivative of Unix for small computer systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a situation where CLIs are well-suited?

    <p>Mass-conversion of thousands of images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the original purpose of the Multics project?

    <p>To develop an operating system for MIT's mainframe computers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of Text User Interfaces?

    <p>Traditional business applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of computer systems do not require a complex operating system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of an operating system in resource management?

    <p>Allocating resources in a standardized manner to prevent conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of security enforcement by an operating system?

    <p>A social media app should not be able to access data from your banking app</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of an operating system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why an operating system is necessary for most contemporary computer systems?

    <p>Because they have finite resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of how an operating system prevents conflicts between programs?

    <p>By ensuring that each program has its own unique area of memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the operating system in resource management?

    <p>To prevent conflicts between programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an operating system in maintaining the programming model?

    <p>To provide a standardized way for programs to access hardware resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kernel?

    <p>To manage resources and security settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the kernel operate?

    <p>In privileged mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of system libraries?

    <p>To provide common software routines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is loaded by the computer's firmware?

    <p>The kernel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do services provide?

    <p>Background services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the kernel in initializing the computer's hardware and resources?

    <p>To set up the computer's hardware and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using system libraries?

    <p>Elimination of duplicate code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the kernel and the services?

    <p>The kernel sets up the services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main difference between Unix and DOS in terms of task management?

    <p>DOS was a single-tasking system, while Unix was a multi-tasking system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature was introduced to DOS from Xenix starting with version 2.0 in 1983?

    <p>Unix-like features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did DOS use the backward-slash character in pathnames?

    <p>Because the forward-slash character was already being used for another purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the original heritage of DOS?

    <p>CP/M-like</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of Microsoft introducing features from Xenix into DOS?

    <p>DOS had a unique combination of Unix-like features and CP/M-like heritage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for extending DOS to take advantage of new features?

    <p>The growth in capabilities of IBM PC models and compatible systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary difference between DOS and Unix in terms of file organization?

    <p>Unix used a hierarchical filesystem, while DOS did not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the IBM PC models and compatible systems growing in capabilities?

    <p>The need to extend DOS to take advantage of new features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the X Window System introduced in Unix systems?

    <p>1984</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Bell Labs' involvement in the development of Unix?

    <p>Unix became a family of related operating systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main difference between Windows NT 3.1 and previous versions of Windows?

    <p>Windows NT 3.1 was a 32-bit operating system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary feature added to PC-DOS/MS-DOS 2.0?

    <p>Hierarchical filesystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the relationship between Unix and the operating systems XENIX, AIX, Ultrix, HP/UX, and more?

    <p>They were all customizations of Unix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary feature of Windows 1.0 released in 1985?

    <p>Graphical User Interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary difference between Unix and PC-DOS/MS-DOS in terms of file organization?

    <p>Unix used a hierarchical filesystem, while PC-DOS/MS-DOS used a flat filesystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the IBM PC models and compatible systems growing in capabilities?

    <p>The development of PC-DOS/MS-DOS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a shell?

    <p>To interpret commands and start programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe command-line programs, including utilities, applications, and executables?

    <p>Commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of most commands?

    <p>Command_name + arguments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following shells is widely used on Linux systems and also available on Windows?

    <p>Bash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Bash and CMD?

    <p>Bash is used on Linux, while CMD is used on Windows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of mixing-and-matching different programs and shells for different contexts?

    <p>Modularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using separate programs for different tasks, rather than a single, monolithic program?

    <p>It provides greater flexibility and customization options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a command-line interface over a graphical user interface?

    <p>It is more suitable for remote connections and automated tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the Unix trademark is no longer as significant as it once was?

    <p>Many contemporary operating systems are regarded as Unix-like, although few have gone through official conformance testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the terminal program in a Command Line Interface (CLI)?

    <p>To accept user input from a keyboard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a Unix-like operating system that is not officially a Unix system?

    <p>Linux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of this course in terms of operating systems?

    <p>Windows and Linux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the server system that provides a Linux CLI through remote connection using SSH?

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Unix standards created by standard bodies like IEEE, The Open Group, and ISO?

    <p>They define what a Unix-like operating system should contain and how it should operate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why many operating systems are considered Unix-like, although few have gone through official conformance testing?

    <p>They are based on the Unix standards but have not been officially tested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Unix-like operating systems and proprietary operating systems like Windows 10?

    <p>Unix-like operating systems are based on open standards, while proprietary operating systems are based on proprietary standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an option in the context of command-line arguments?

    <p>An argument that alters the operation of the command</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the long and short versions of options in Linux?

    <p>The long version provides more detailed information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of positional arguments in a command?

    <p>To specify the files or directories to be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the 'ls' command in Linux and the 'dir' command in Windows?

    <p>The 'ls' command is used for listing files, while the 'dir' command is used for listing files</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the '-l' option in the 'ls' command?

    <p>To select the 'long' output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the '-sort' option in the 'ls' command?

    <p>To sort files by size or time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the '/' and '-' characters in options?

    <p>The '/' character is used for Windows options, while the '-' character is used for Linux options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of copyright in software?

    <p>To control how written works may be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Open Source Licenses?

    <p>They permit other parties to alter and adapt the software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the copyright holder of a software?

    <p>The employer of the author or the author themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Free Software Licenses and Permissive Licenses?

    <p>Permissive Licenses allow redistribution without same permissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of licensing software to another party?

    <p>To provide the software to another party on a limited basis, often for a fee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Open Source Definition?

    <p>A set of rules for open source software development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Proprietary Licenses?

    <p>They provide the software to another party on a limited basis, often for a fee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the copyright holder and the software?

    <p>The copyright holder is the employer of the author or the author themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using open source software?

    <p>It allows other parties to alter and adapt the software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Operating Systems

    • Many modern operating systems trace their roots to Multics, developed at MIT starting around 1965.
    • Bell Labs was involved in the Multics project, but withdrew early, and two employees, Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson, went on to develop Unix.
    • Unix was originally written for one type of computer but was soon altered to be portable, and it eliminated the need for hardware vendors to develop their own operating systems.
    • Unix was popular in academia because the source code was widely available for study.

    Unix and Its Derivatives

    • Microsoft licensed Unix and created a derivative called Xenix for small computer systems.
    • CP/M (Control Program/Monitor, later Control Program for Microcomputers) was another popular operating system.
    • When IBM entered the microcomputer market, it contracted Microsoft to provide an operating system, which was based on CP/M.

    User Interfaces

    • Command Line Interfaces (CLIs) are well-suited to automation, but not well-suited to occasional tasks.
    • Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are well-suited to graphical tasks, but may require excessive repetitive actions.
    • GUIs require far more data than CLIs, making CLIs often used over remote connections.
    • Text User Interfaces (TUIs) employ the same display technology as CLIs, but present a full-screen interface, and are still common in traditional business applications.

    History of Operating Systems

    • In the early days of computing, nothing was standardized, and standardization was impossible.
    • Simple computers don't need much of an operating system, but most contemporary computer systems require an OS.
    • The operating system is a crucial component that performs four key functions: resource management, security enforcement, hardware abstraction, and maintaining the programming model.

    Components of an Operating System

    • The four key components of an OS are: the kernel, system libraries, services, and user interfaces.
    • The kernel is the heart of the OS, operates in a special privileged mode, and manages resources and security settings.
    • System libraries provide a common set of software routines for programs to perform common operations.
    • Services are programs that run continuously in the background, providing services such as WiFi authentication, print management, and file sharing.

    MS-DOS and Xenix

    • MS-DOS was a single-tasking system and did not have a hierarchical filesystem.
    • As IBM PC models grew in capabilities, MS-DOS was extended to take advantage of new features, introducing Xenix features starting with version 2.0 in 1983.

    Course Overview

    • OPS102 Week 1 Class 2: Introduction to Operating Systems

    Recap From Last Class

    • Course introduction and overview
    • Operating system basics, components, and interfaces
    • A bit of history

    A Bit of History cont'd

    • Recall UNIX history and PC-DOS/MS-DOS
    • PC-DOS/MS-DOS 2.0 added hierarchical filesystems with backslash as pathname separator
    • Operating Systems get GUIs: X Window System from Project Athena at MIT (1984)
    • Windows 1.0 (1985) got multi-tasking abilities and GUI
    • Windows NT 3.1 (1993) combined features from DOS/Windows and OS/2
    • All modern versions of Windows are derived from Windows NT
    • Other early GUI systems include Xerox Star (1981), Apollo DN100 (1981), Sun Sun-1 (1982), Apple Lisa (1983), Apple Macintosh (1984)

    Unix Evolves from Product to Standard

    • UNIX was originally a proprietary product of Bell Labs/AT&T
    • It became a family of related operating systems customized by various vendors
    • Standard bodies (IEEE, The Open Group, ISO) created standards for "Unix-like" operating systems
    • UNIX became a trademark, with any conforming OS granted permission to use the UNIX trademark

    The Post-Unix World

    • Importance of the UNIX trademark is no longer significant
    • Many contemporary operating systems are regarded as Unix-like, although few have gone through official conformance testing
    • Apple's MacOS is officially a Unix system
    • Linux is not officially a Unix system

    Unix-Like Operating Systems

    • Linux
    • Mac OS and iOS (though generally only "under the covers")
    • FreeBSD and OpenBSD and NetBSD
    • And many others!

    Operating Systems In this Course

    • We're focusing on two operating systems: Windows (version 10) and Linux

    Command Line and Commands

    • CLI (Command Line Interface) provided by two components: terminal program and shell
    • Shell interprets commands, starts and stops programs, displays output, and enables user interaction
    • Terminal program accepts user input from keyboard and displays text output

    Common Shells

    • Bash (widely used on Linux, also available on Windows)
    • PowerShell (widely used on Windows, also available on Linux)
    • CMD (available only on Windows)
    • We're focusing on Bash and CMD in this course

    What is a Command?

    • A small number of commands are built into the shell
    • All other commands are separate programs, each contained in its own file
    • Commands may also be called programs, utilities, applications, or executables

    Command Structure

    • Most commands have a similar structure: command_name arguments
    • command_name is the name of a built-in command or separate external program
    • arguments... are zero or more tokens for the command, which could be options or values

    Type of Arguments

    • Option (also called Switch or Control Argument) – alters the operation of the command
    • Option with a Value – as the name indicates, these consist of an option immediately followed by a value
    • Positional Arguments – these are all other arguments, and their position (sequence) may be significant

    Open Source and Proprietary Software

    • Software is generally protected by copyright
    • Copyright holder can license the software to another party
    • There are two broad categories of software licenses: Proprietary licenses and Open Source Licenses

    Open Source Licenses

    • Permits other parties to use the software under one of the licenses that conform to the Open Source Definition
    • Enables other parties to alter, adapt, change, rebuild, use, and sell the software, subject to certain restrictions

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    Description

    Explore the history of Unix and its roots in Multics, an operating system developed at MIT in the 1960s. Learn about the contributions of Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson.

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