OPS102: Operating Systems (Fill in the blanks)

A ___________ interface employs the same display technology as a CLI, but presents a full-screen interface rather than the scrolling command-and-response output used in a CLI.

GUIs are well-suited to ___________ tasks, such as editing images and documents.

CLIs are well-suited to ___________ tasks, such as mass-conversion of thousands of images.

A typical CLI display contains about ___________ of data.

A typical HD GUI display contains about ___________ of data.

Before Microsoft Windows and the Apple Macintosh existed, text user interfaces were the dominant form of interface on ___________ computers.

In the very early days of computing, ___________ was impossible, because many of the computers were one-of-a-kind!

Text user interfaces are still very common in ___________ business applications, such as your bank.

Unlike the kernel, these programs do not operate with full system ______,

These programs are subject to the same types of ______ and security management as regular programs.

The user interface is the software that enables the user to interact with the ______.

A graphical user interface (GUI) that typically enables the user to interact with multiple application ______.

Utilities may use the GUI or ______.

Most operating systems provide a set of ______ to enable users to perform setup, configuration, and maintenance tasks.

Most operating systems also provide a set of basic starter ______, such as a text editor, clock, a few games, and sometimes a web browser.

The user interface enables the user to enter ______, view the output from those commands, and interact with full-screen text interfaces.

DOS was a single-tasking system and did not have a ______ filesystem.

Microsoft introduced features from ______ into DOS starting with version 2.0 in 1983.

DOS couldn’t use the forward-slash in filenames, because that character was already being used for another purpose, so DOS pathnames used the ______ character.

As the IBM PC models – and compatible systems from other manufacturers – grew in their ______, it became necessary to extend DOS to take advantage of these new features.

DOS had a unique combination of ______-like features, with some differences originating from its original CP/M-like heritage.

MS-DOS takes on ______ Features.

DOS was a single-tasking system and did not have a ______ filesystem, unlike Unix.

Microsoft introduced features from their version of ______ into DOS starting with version 2.0 in 1983.

The _______________ operating system was originally written for just one type of computer.

Bell Labs was involved with the _______________ project, but withdrew early in its development.

Microsoft licensed the _______________ operating system from Bell Labs and created a derivative called Xenix.

One customer of a cloud server shouldn’t be able to access another customer’s ______

IBM contracted _______________ to provide an operating system in 1981.

The design and internal structure of PC-DOS and MS-DOS was largely based on _______________.

The OS hides the details of the ______ so that application software can deal with the hardware in a consistent manner.

A program can request input from the ______ without knowing how the keyboard is connected.

Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson, went on to develop a smaller operating system using some of the same concepts, which they named _______________.

Unix was popular with the many different hardware vendors that existed at that time, because it eliminated the need for them to each develop their own _______________.

An application can send data to the ______ in the same way regardless of whether the connection uses wired ethernet, WiFi, or 5G.

The source code of _______________ was widely available for study in academia.

The operating system will use the ______ virtual memory system to load those programs into different regions of physical memory.

Programmers (Software Developers) need a single conceptual ______ when creating software.

The OS controls the ______ (and works with tools such as the compiler) to consistently maintain the illusion of the programmer’s model.

Multiple programs may be written to work in the same region of ______.

Various standard bodies, including the _______________, The Open Group, and ISO created standards to define what a “Unix-like” operating system should contain and how it should operate.

Ultimately, Unix became a _______________ rather than a product, and any operating system that was tested and proven to conform to the Unix standards was granted permission to use the Unix trademark.

Many contemporary operating systems are regarded as Unix-like, although few have gone through official _______________ testing.

Apple’s MacOS is officially a _______________ system.

Linux is not officially a _______________ system.

We’re going to focus on two operating systems: Windows (version 10), a common proprietary operating system, and _______________, representing Unix-like operating systems.

A _______________ program which accepts user input from a keyboard and displays text output.

Windows 10 is installed on the lab computers. A _______________ CLI is available by remote connection (through a tool called SSH) to a large server system called Matrix.

A shell which interprets commands, starts and stops programs, displays the output of those programs, and enables the user to interact with those programs is called a ______ shell.

Bash is a shell widely used on ______ systems, also available on Windows.

A small number of commands are built into the ______.

Most commands have a similar structure: _______name arguments.

CMD is a shell available only on ______ systems.

Commands may also be called ______, utilities, applications, or executables.

In this course, we’re going to focus on ______ and CMD.

PowerShell is a shell widely used on ______ systems, also available on Linux.

GUIs were added to Unix systems starting in 1984 with the introduction of the ___________ Window System from Project Athena at MIT.

DOS received multi-tasking abilities and a GUI with the introduction of ___________ 1.0 in 1985.

Sun ___________ (1982) was one of the early GUI systems.

Unix was originally a proprietary product of ___________ Labs / AT&T.

Eventually, Unix became a family of related operating systems customized by various vendors and sold under many different names (XENIX, AIX, Ultrix, HP/UX, and ___________).

The introduction of ___________ NT 3.1 in 1993 marked a new 32-bit operating system that combined features from DOS/Windows and OS/2.

Microsoft-IBM developed a jointly operating system named ___________/2.

All modern versions of Windows are derived from ___________ NT.

The party which controls these works – either the employer of the author, or the ______ themselves if outside of an employment context – is the copyright holder.

There are two broad categories of software licenses in use: Proprietary licenses – the ______ holder provides the software to other parties on a limited basis, often for a fee.

Open Source Licenses are further divided into two categories: Free Software Licenses – these licenses require anyone redistributing the software to do so under the same ______ as the software was received.

Permissive Licenses – these licenses allow the open source software to be redistributed without the same ______ as the software was received under.

The ______ holder can license the software to another party.

Open Source Licenses – the ______ holder permits other parties to use the software under one of the licenses that conform to the Open Source Definition.

The human-readable source code for the software is usually not provided in ______ licenses.

This enables other parties to alter, adapt, change, rebuild, use, and sell the software, subject to certain ______.

Arguments are zero or more tokens for the command, which could be ___________

An option with a value consists of an option immediately followed by a ___________

Positional arguments are all other arguments, and their ___________ may be significant

The command ls -l selects ___________ output

The command dir /b selects ___________ output

The option -h in the command ls -l -h shows sizes in a ___________ format

The option -sort=time in the command ls -l -sort=time shows files sorted by ___________

The command cp old new copies the file old to a new file called ___________