OPS 102: Introduction to Operating Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of a file system?

  • Creating user accounts
  • Enhancing network security
  • Organizing and retrieving files efficiently (correct)
  • Running applications faster

    • What is the primary purpose of a current working directory?

    The current working directory is the folder/directory where you are working at a given time.

    Files are organized in __________ and subfolders.

    folders

    Match the following file types with their extensions:

    <p>.docx = Word document .exe = Executable program .txt = Text file</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command is used to change the current working directory in a command line interface?

    <p>cd</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of paths can be used with the 'cd' command? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Absolute paths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The command 'ls' is used in _____ to list the contents of a directory.

    <p>Linux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the parallel command to 'ls' in Windows?

    <p>dir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'ls -l' command help determine on Linux systems? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Type of file</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 'cls' command?

    <p>Clears the terminal screen and shows the prompt in the first line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the topmost directory in a Linux file system?

    <p>/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'tree' command?

    <p>To show the folder hierarchy in a tree format</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the extension of a word document file?

    <p>.docx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a folder?

    <p>To organize and retrieve files efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command is used to print information about the current logged in user?

    <p>whoami</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the type of a file?

    <p>The file extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Linux file system, what takes the place of drive letters like C: or D:

    <p>Root (/)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using a cluster of computers in the matrix server?

    <p>Cost-effective alternative to larger servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to connect to the matrix Linux account from off-campus?

    <p>The Seneca Global Portal VPN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protocol is used to connect to Matrix securely from any Seneca lab workstation or personal computer?

    <p>SSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a current working directory in a file system?

    <p>To identify the location of a specific file or folder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of path is used to specify a file or folder location relative to the current working directory?

    <p>Relative path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an absolute path and a relative path?

    <p>Absolute paths start at the root directory, relative paths start at the current working directory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of navigating through a file system using the command line interface?

    <p>To manage files and folders efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using the ssh protocol to connect to Matrix?

    <p>It ensures a secure connection for remote login</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the command cd do?

    <p>Change the current working directory to the specified one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ls command in Linux?

    <p>To list the contents of a directory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of file is indicated by the character 'd' in the output of the ls -l command?

    <p>Directory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent of the ls command in Windows?

    <p>dir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of path is used to specify the location of a directory or file relative to the current working directory?

    <p>Relative path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the cd command with an absolute path?

    <p>To change the current working directory to the specified directory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of file is indicated by the character '-' in the output of the ls -l command?

    <p>Regular file</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the cd command with a relative path?

    <p>To change the current working directory to a directory relative to the current one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Connection to Matrix

    • Seneca students have access to a Matrix server, a cluster of computers running CentOS (a version of Linux), which can be accessed remotely using VPN or SSH.
    • To connect to Matrix, students need to download and install a VPN client or use SSH (secure shell) protocol.
    • Connection to Matrix is required for practicing Linux commands, performing Linux labs, and doing quizzes/tests.

    File Systems

    • A file system is a method of organizing and retrieving files efficiently from a storage medium (e.g., hard disk).
    • Both Linux and Windows are hierarchical file systems, where files are organized in folders and subfolders.
    • In Linux, the topmost directory is the root (/), and there are no drive letters like C: or D.
    • In Windows, the File System hierarchy starts from drives: C:, D:, etc.

    Files and Folders (Directories)

    • Folders are containers that can have files and other folders (subfolders).
    • Files are used to save user data, and can be of many different types (e.g., Word documents, XL files, PPT files).
    • File types are identified by their extensions (e.g., .docx, .exe, .txt).
    • A specific program or application is required to open each file type.

    File Names

    • Unix/Linux is case sensitive, whereas Windows is not case sensitive for file names.
    • Adopt a consistent file naming scheme, and avoid non-alphanumeric characters and spaces in file names.

    Linux Hierarchical File System

    • The standard Linux distribution follows a specific directory structure, with multiple top-level directories (e.g., /bin, /home, /usr, /etc, /var, /tmp, /dev, /opt).

    Current Working Directory

    • The current working directory is the folder/directory where you are currently working.
    • The cd command is used to change the current working directory.

    Paths

    • A path specifies a unique location of a file or directory in the file system.
    • There are three ways of specifying pathnames: absolute, relative, and relative to home.
    • Examples of paths: /home/cory, C:\Users\Natali, /home/jono/work.

    Changing the Current Working Directory

    • The cd command is used to change the current working directory.
    • You can use any type of paths (absolute, relative, or relative to home) with the cd command.

    Listing the Contents of a Directory

    • In Linux, the ls command is used to display a list of files and subdirectories in the current directory or any other directory.
    • In Windows, the dir command is used to list the contents of a directory.
    • Options can be used with these commands to customize the output.

    File Systems and Matrix

    • Connection to matrix: Seneca students have access to both Windows and Linux OS, with Linux available on the matrix server.
    • Matrix server consists of several computers running CentOS, a version of Linux, connected together to form a cluster.
    • All registered students in this course have access to an account on Matrix for practicing Linux commands, performing Linux labs, and doing quizzes/tests.

    Connecting to Matrix

    • As of September 2020, students must connect to the Seneca Global Portal VPN to access their matrix Linux account when off-campus.
    • Download and install the VPN client from https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn.
    • Connect to matrix from any Seneca lab workstation or personal computer using ssh (secure shell) protocol.
    • Commands: who prints information about the current logged-in user, whoami prints the name of the current user, cls or clear clears the terminal screen, and tree shows the folder hierarchy in a tree format.

    File System

    • A file system is a method of organizing and retrieving files efficiently from a storage medium, such as a hard disk.
    • Both Linux and Windows are hierarchical file systems, with files organized in folders and subfolders.
    • In Linux, the topmost directory is the root (/), and all files and directories appear under it.
    • There are no drive letters like C, D, etc. in Linux.

    Files and Folders (Directories)

    • Virtually everything in a modern computer system is a file or a folder.
    • Folders are containers that can have files and other folders (called sub-folders).
    • Examples of folders: Home folder, Desktop folder, Root Folder.
    • Files are used to save user data, and can be of many different types, such as Word documents, XL files, PPT files, etc.
    • File types are identified by their extensions (3 or 4 last characters after a dot).
    • cd command changes the directory to the parent of the current directory.
    • cd /home/ops102 changes the directory to the location specified by an absolute path.
    • ls command lists the contents of a directory in Linux, and dir is the parallel command in Windows.
    • ls -l command determines the type of file and looks at the first character in the detailed listing.

    File Types in Linux

    • ls -l command displays file types:
      • - indicates a regular file.
      • b or c indicates a device file.
      • d indicates a directory.
      • l indicates a symbolic link.
      • p indicates a pipe, used to communicate between processes on the same server.
      • s indicates a socket, used to communicate between processes on the same or different servers.

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    Description

    Learn about the basics of operating systems, including file systems, commands, and directories. Explore the connection to matrix and understand how to navigate through different operating systems.

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