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Questions and Answers
Mitragynine is less potent than morphine.
Mitragynine is less potent than morphine.
False
Kratom is only used in liquid form.
Kratom is only used in liquid form.
False
The effects of kratom are dose-dependent with small doses producing stimulatory effects.
The effects of kratom are dose-dependent with small doses producing stimulatory effects.
True
Kratom use is completely free from the risk of addiction.
Kratom use is completely free from the risk of addiction.
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Hallucinations can occur as a result of kratom use.
Hallucinations can occur as a result of kratom use.
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Morphine and diamorphine are classified as morphine analogs.
Morphine and diamorphine are classified as morphine analogs.
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Buprenorphine is a synthetic derivative of opioids.
Buprenorphine is a synthetic derivative of opioids.
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Opioids work by altering ion channels through specific G-protein coupled receptors.
Opioids work by altering ion channels through specific G-protein coupled receptors.
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All opioids are non-addictive and do not have habit-forming potential.
All opioids are non-addictive and do not have habit-forming potential.
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Hydromorphone is a synthetic derivative of opioids.
Hydromorphone is a synthetic derivative of opioids.
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Opioid withdrawal is associated with pinpoint pupils.
Opioid withdrawal is associated with pinpoint pupils.
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Kratom is used traditionally in Southeast Asia to enhance productivity.
Kratom is used traditionally in Southeast Asia to enhance productivity.
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Heroin is considered safer than prescription opioids.
Heroin is considered safer than prescription opioids.
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Withdrawal symptoms from opioids can include nausea and vomiting.
Withdrawal symptoms from opioids can include nausea and vomiting.
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Heroin can be used in a variety of ways, including injection, snorting, or smoking.
Heroin can be used in a variety of ways, including injection, snorting, or smoking.
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Kratom has no stimulant effects when taken in low doses.
Kratom has no stimulant effects when taken in low doses.
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Increased isolation and secrecy can be behavioral signs of opioid misuse.
Increased isolation and secrecy can be behavioral signs of opioid misuse.
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Body temperature, blood pressure, and pulse rates are all affected in cases of opioid overdose.
Body temperature, blood pressure, and pulse rates are all affected in cases of opioid overdose.
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Study Notes
Opioids & Kratom
- Opioids reduce and relieve pain and can cause euphoria
- Opioids are highly addictive and habit-forming.
- Different opioid classes include morphine analogs, synthetic derivatives like hydromorphone (dihydro morons).
- Examples of prescription opioids include morphine, diamorphine (heroin), codeine, nalorphine, levallorphan, naloxone, pethidine, fentanyl, methadone, dextropropoxyphene, pentazocine, buprenorphine, etorphine and loperamide.
How Opioids Work
- Opioids act through specific G-protein coupled receptors
- They alter ion channels to impact neurotransmitter activity.
Opioid Side Effects
- Common side effects are drowsiness, sedation, mental confusion, nausea, vomiting, constipation, constricted pupils, slowed or depressed vital signs, body temperature changes, blood pressure changes, pulse changes, and potentially overdose and death.
Opioid Misuse/Dependence Signs & Symptoms
- Physical signs: change in appetite, pupil size, nausea, vomiting, sweating, shaking, opioid intoxication, and withdrawal.
- Behavioral signs: change in personality, friends, activities, attendance, isolation, secrecy; wearing long sleeves, moodiness, irritability, nervousness, dizziness, nodding off, and stealing.
Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms
- Stage I (up to 8 hours): anxiety, drug craving
- Stage II (8-24 hours): anxiety, insomnia, GI disturbances, rhinorrhea, mydriasis, diaphoresis.
- Stage III (up to 3 days): tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, hypertension, diarrhea, fever, chills, tremors, seizures, muscle spasms.
Heroin
- Heroin is derived from opium poppies and used recreationally.
- It comes as white or brown powder, or black tar.
- It is highly addictive
- Heroin is stronger, cheaper, and easier to obtain than prescription pills, but is also more dangerous due to unknown contaminants.
- Methods of use include injection (most common and dangerous), snorting, and smoking.
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa)
- Kratom is a tropical tree native to Southeast Asia, traditionally used to combat fatigue.
- Consumption at low doses has stimulant effects. At higher doses, it has opioid-like effects.
- Kratom can cause dependence and psychological/physiological issues.
- Kratom contains psychoactive ingredients like mitragynines.
- Mitragynine is a kappa-opioid receptor agonist and 13x more potent than morphine.
Kratom Effects in Humans
- Effects are dose dependent; low doses have stimulant qualities similar to amphetamines, while high doses have sedative-narcotic, pain-reducing qualities resembling opioids.
- Regular kratom use may lead to addiction.
- Kratom withdrawal symptoms may occur.
Kratom Composition & Usage
- More than 20 alkaloids have been identified in kratom leaves.
- Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are major psychoactive ingredients.
- Kratom is usually consumed as capsules, pills, extracts, or smoked leaves.
Kratom's Effects on the Body
- Kratom's effects can include nausea, itching, sweating, dry mouth, constipation, increased urination, tachycardia, vomiting, drowsiness, appetite loss, anorexia, weight loss, insomnia, hepatotoxicity, seizures, and hallucinations.
- Psychotic episodes have been reported in some cases.
Fatal Overdoses Involving Kratom
- Fatal overdoses from kratom use have occurred.
- Deaths have sometimes resulted from adulterated kratom or mixing it with other potent substances.
- Caution: these kratom overdose numbers may underestimate the actual risk.
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Description
Explore the crucial information about opioids, including their mechanisms, common side effects, and the risk of addiction. This quiz examines the various classes of opioids, how they interact with the body, and the signs of misuse or dependence. Enhance your understanding of opioids and kratom through this informative quiz.
