Opioids and CNS Depressants Quiz

<p>Slowed brain activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semi-synthetic opioid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opioids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HCO3 is used in management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drowsiness and confusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accidental exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased segmental GIT motility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mu (m) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Desensitization of opioid receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urine retention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depressed respiratory function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toxicological screening (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High metabolic activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constipation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchospasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central nervous system (CNS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reactions occurring in a small fraction of patients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Itching (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute intoxication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased level of consciousness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium bicarbonate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early intubation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum drug level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary edema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a competitive antagonist at mu opioid receptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.4-0.8 mg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Significant respiratory depression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elderly patients and those with liver disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhancement of the inhibitory actions of GABA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspiration pneumonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastric lavage if in coma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reverse benzodiazepine-induced sedation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TCAs are highly protein bound and have large volumes of distribution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of neurotransmitter reuptake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive salivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium channel blockade (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation followed by depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Orthostatic hypotension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benzodiazepine overdose due to addiction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drugs that slow down brain activity, used to treat conditions like insomnia, anxiety, pain, and seizures.

A class of drugs derived from the opium poppy plant or synthetic with similar properties, primarily used for pain relief.

A state of being overwhelmed by the effects of a drug, often leading to serious health problems.

A group of symptoms that occur when a person stops using a drug they are dependent on.

Naturally occurring opioids, examples include morphine and codeine.

Opioids that are chemically modified from natural opioids, examples include heroin and apomorphine.

Opioids that are completely manufactured, examples include methadone and pethidine.

A condition that occurs when someone takes too many opioids, potentially leading to respiratory depression and death.

The most common way people are exposed to opioids, often due to accidental ingestion or misuse.

A state of decreased responsiveness to a drug, requiring higher doses to achieve the desired effect.

A rare and unpredictable reaction to a drug, not related to dose or treatment duration.

The primary receptor targeted by most opioid analgesics, responsible for analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, and dependence.

Opioids primarily affect respiratory function by suppressing it, leading to slowed breathing.

Opioids can induce a state of altered consciousness, ranging from drowsiness to deep sedation.

Opioids can suppress cardiovascular function by impacting the vasomotor center.

Opioids often cause constipation due to their effects on the gastrointestinal system.

A life-threatening condition characterized by decreased level of consciousness, QRS prolongation, and potentially anticholinergic symptoms, caused by overdose of Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs).

A constellation of symptoms often observed in TCA overdose, including dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, and dilated pupils.

A diagnostic tool used to evaluate the severity of TCA poisoning by measuring the level of the drug in the blood.

The initial drug of choice for treating cardiac arrhythmias associated with TCA toxicity, effective in correcting acid-base imbalances caused by the overdose.

The process of removing the ingested drug from the gastrointestinal tract, crucial for preventing further absorption of TCAs.

Opioids can cause a decrease in the activity of the gastrointestinal (GIT) system, leading to slowed motility (movement of food through the gut), reduced gastric acid secretion, and constipation. These effects can be attributed to the influence of opioids on the muscles of the gut, slowing down the process of digestion and elimination.

Opioids can cause respiratory depression by reducing the rate and depth of breathing. This is a serious side effect that can lead to life-threatening complications, especially in overdose situations.

Opioids can cause a decrease in the tone and amplitude of ureter contractions, leading to urine retention. This can be particularly problematic for individuals at higher risk, including older males with prostatic hypertrophy.

Opioids can trigger bronchospasm by tightening the muscles in the airways, making it difficult to breathe. This can lead to coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

Opioids can lead to itching because of the release of histamine, a chemical produced by the body's immune system. Itching is a common side effect of opioid use and can be quite bothersome.

A patient suspected of opioid toxicity might present with respiratory depression, low blood pressure, low body temperature, and pinpointed pupils. This is a specific set of symptoms associated with opioid poisoning, sometimes referred to as the opioid toxidrome.

A confirmed diagnosis of opioid toxicity involves a combination of circumstantial evidence, history of opioid exposure, a clinical examination revealing the opioid toxidrome, and toxicological test results confirming the presence of opioids in the body.

Toxicological tests can be used to identify opioids in a patient's body fluids and tissues, providing evidence of opioid exposure. These tests can be either screening, which are quick but less specific, or confirmatory, which are highly specific but more time-consuming.

Activated charcoal binds to toxins in the stomach, preventing their absorption into the bloodstream.

A competitive antagonist of benzodiazepine receptors, flumazenil can reverse sedation but is not recommended for overdose in addicts due to potential seizure risks.

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a class of drugs used to treat depression, with a significant risk of toxicity when overdosed.

TCAs are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, but their absorption is delayed due to anticholinergic effects.

TCAs are primarily metabolized in the liver, resulting in active metabolites that contribute to their toxicity.

TCAs block the reuptake of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine, leading to their accumulation in the synapse.

TCAs block histamine receptors leading to sedation, and sodium channels leading to heart rhythm disturbances.

TCA toxicity can lead to cardiovascular complications like hypotension and arrhythmias, as well as central nervous system effects like seizures and altered mental status.

Naloxone is an antidote for opioid overdose, effectively reversing the effects of opioid toxicity. It works by blocking opioid receptors in the brain, preventing opioids from acting on them. It does not produce its own pharmacological effects but rather acts as a competitive antagonist.

Naloxone is a derivative of oxymorphone, a synthetic opioid. It has strong affinity to the mu opioid receptor, the primary receptor responsible for opioid effects.

Naloxone can cause adverse effects like asystole, ventricular irritability, hypertension, pulmonary edema, and gastrointestinal issues. These effects are often triggered by a surge in catecholamines (hormones like adrenaline) or interruption of endorphin production by the body.

Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed drugs that can cause serious consequences when taken in large doses. They are commonly used to manage anxiety, insomnia, and seizures.

Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA, a neurotransmitter that calms the nervous system. This action explains their sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant effects.

Absorption of benzodiazepines is fast and efficient, both when taken orally and when administered intravenously. Their lipophilic nature enables them to easily cross the blood-brain barrier, quickly reaching the brain.

Benzodiazepine overdoses can lead to central nervous system depression, potentially causing respiratory depression and aspiration pneumonia. Other complications include skin and muscle damage due to pressure.

Managing Benzodiazepine toxicity starts with supportive care, including airway management, breathing support, and circulation monitoring. Decontamination may involve gastric lavage, especially if the patient is in a coma.