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Questions and Answers
How do opioid analgesics act to treat pain?
Which of the following is a common example of an opioid analgesic available as a transdermal patch?
In what form is oxycodone commonly administered?
What is a common side effect of opioid analgesics?
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Which of the following is not a common example of an opioid analgesic?
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What is the primary analgesic effect of opioids attributed to?
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What is the primary function of opioid analgesics in the treatment of pain?
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Which of the following is a common side effect of opioid analgesics?
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How do opioid analgesics affect serotonin kinetics in the presence of other serotonergic agents?
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Which type of opioid receptor is involved in the inhibition of pain transmission and has the potential for addiction?
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Which receptor type is primarily responsible for the analgesic effect of opioids?
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What is a rare but potentially serious side effect associated with opioids?
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Study Notes
Opioid Analgesics: Common Examples, Side Effects, and Mechanism of Action
Opioid analgesics are a class of medications used to treat pain, particularly in cases of moderate to severe discomfort. These drugs act by modulating the way the body perceives pain, making them an essential part of pain management strategies. Common examples of opioid analgesics include fentanyl, oxycodone, tramadol, and codeine.
Common Examples of Opioid Analgesics
Opioid analgesics can be administered through various routes, including orally, sublingually, intravenously, rectally, and transdermally. Some examples of opioid analgesics and their administration methods include:
- Fentanyl: Available as immediate-release, extended-release tablets, sublingual films, intravenous formulations, and transdermal patches.
- Oxycodone: Given orally in immediate-release and extended-release formulations.
- Tramadol: Administered orally in immediate-release and extended-release formulations.
- Codeine: Given orally as immediate-release tablets, capsules, or oral suspensions.
Side Effects of Opioid Analgesics
Opioid analgesics can have a range of side effects, some of which are common and others that are more rare. Common side effects include:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Constipation
- Dizziness
- Drowsiness
- Dry mouth
- Itching at the injection site
More serious side effects, although rare, can include:
- Respiratory depression
- Sedation
- Hallucinations
- Serotonin syndrome, which can occur when opioids are taken with other serotonergic agents
Mechanism of Action of Opioid Analgesics
Opioid analgesics work by interacting with opioid receptors in the body, specifically the mu, kappa, and delta-opioid receptors. These receptors are found both in the spinal cord and the brain.
- Mu-opioid receptors: These receptors are responsible for the primary analgesic effect of opioids. They are involved in the inhibition of pain transmission from the spinal cord to the brain.
- Kappa-opioid receptors: These receptors are thought to contribute to the inhibition of pain transmission and the potential for addiction.
- Delta-opioid receptors: These receptors are involved in the analgesic effect and the potential for addiction.
Opioid analgesics can also have additional effects, such as altering serotonin kinetics in the presence of other serotonergic agents. Some opioids, like methadone, have activity at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which may contribute to their effectiveness in treating neuropathic pain.
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Description
Explore the common examples, side effects, and mechanism of action of opioid analgesics. Learn about medications like fentanyl, oxycodone, tramadol, and codeine, how they interact with opioid receptors, and their potential side effects.
