Ophthalmology Quiz on Retina and Vision

Block 1.4 Mid-Block Exam 2024

• Question 1A: All tongue muscles are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve, except the palatoglossus muscle, which is supplied by the vagus nerve. The facial and mandibular nerves also supply tongue muscles (genioglossus, styloglossus).

• Question 1B: The middle part of the nucleus solitarius receives taste sensations from the anterior one-third of the tongue through the glossopharyngeal nerve, the chorda tympani nerve specifically from the anterior one-third of the tongue.

• Question 1C: The intracranial part of the facial nerve supplies the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles, and the anterior and posterior belly of the digastric muscle.

• Question 1D: All palatine muscles are supplied by the accessory nerve, except the tensor palatini muscle, supplied by the mandibular nerve. The vagus also plays a role in supplying palatine muscles

• Question 1E: A bilateral lesion of the lateral part of the optic chiasm leads to a bi-temporal hemianopia.

• Question 1F: The corneal reflex tests the afferent pathway of the trigeminal nerve and the efferent pathway of the facial nerve.

• Question 1G: The foramen of Monro is bordered anteriorly by the fornix and posteriorly by the thalamus.

Question 2 (Eye Exam)

• Refractive Error from Prescription: The boy is suffering from myopia (nearsightedness). The prescription indicates a need for corrective lenses.

• Prescription Terminology: The prescription details include the sphere (SPH), cylinder (CYL), axis, visual acuity (V/A), and pupil distance (PD) values. Understanding these parameters is essential for prescribing corrective lenses to improve vision.

Question 3 (Retina Layers)

• Diagram 1:
• 1 - Cones
• 2 - Rods
• 3 - Ganglionic cell
• 4 - Horizontal cell

Question 4 (Cavernous Sinus Structures)

• Match the numbers on the diagram to the associated structures:
• 1 - Optic chiasma
• 2 - Pituitary gland
• 3 - Internal carotid artery
• 4 - Oculomotor nerve
• 5 - Trochlear nerve
• 6 - Abducent nerve
• 7 - Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
• 8 - Cavernous sinus
• 9 - Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
• 10 - Sphenoidal air sinus

Question 5 (Tympanic Membrane Structures)

• Diagram Labels:

• 1 - Pars flaccida

• 2 - Pars tensa

• 3 - Umbo

• 4 - Incus

• 5 - Short process of malleus

• 6 - Manubrium of malleus

• 7 - Cone of light

• 8 - Anterior fold

• Nerve Sensation: The accessory, glossopharyngeal, and trochlear nerves participate in sensations detected by the ear drum.

Question 6 (Skull Foramina and Nerves)

• Foramina and Nerves:
• The provided table details the cranial foramina and the cranial nerves passing through them. Remembering this information will help with tracing pathways through the skull.

Question 7 (Medical Terms and Definitions)

• Medical Terms & Definitions (partial list): The provided table associates medical terms (e.g., Emmetropia, Myopia, Olfaction, Presbyopia etc) with their definitions (e.g., Light rays focus directly on the retina, light rays focus in front of the retina, the only sensation that does not pass through the thalamus.) Study the correspondences for a complete list.

Question 8 (Visual Field Defects and Lesions)

• Visual Field Defect Mapping: Each visual field impairment (A through F) on the diagram is associated with a specific lesion number (1-7)

Question 9 (Meninges and Spaces)

• Meninges and Spaces:
• Dura Mater (A): Composed of two layers (endosteal and meningeal) that form venous sinuses.
• Arachnoid Mater (C): A vascular membrane that closely invests the brain, including the sulci.
• Subarachnoid Space (C): A potential space between the dura and arachnoid mater.

Question 10 (Circle of Willis Arteries)

• Circle of Willis Arteries:
• Matching the provided description with the anatomical structure associated with a particular labeled artery.