Ophthalmic Procedures and Conditions

Ophthalmic

• Keratoplasty is the surgical replacement of a damaged cornea with a healthy one from a donor
• Iridectomy involves the surgical removal of part of the iris
• Vitrectomy is a surgery to remove the vitreous humor from the eye
• Trabeculectomy is a surgical procedure to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma by creating a new drainage pathway
• Cataract refers to the clouding of the natural lens of the eye
• Glaucoma is a condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure, damaging the optic nerve
• Blepharoplasty is the surgical repair or reconstruction of the eyelids
• Exenteration is the removal of the entire eye and surrounding tissues
• Scleral buckling is a procedure used to treat retinal detachment by placing a silicone band around the sclera to indent the eye wall and reduce traction on the retina
• Entropion is the inversion of the eyelid, while ectropion is the eversion of the eyelid
• Dacryocystorhinostomy creates a new drainage pathway for tears into the nose, while lacrimal duct probing involves clearing blockages from the tear ducts
• Chalazion is a cyst in the eyelid caused by a blocked meibomian gland, while a pterygium is a triangular growth of tissue on the conjunctiva that can extend onto the cornea
• Enucleation is the removal of the entire eyeball, while evisceration is the removal of the contents of the eye, leaving the sclera and sometimes the cornea intact
• Recession involves moving a muscle's insertion point further back on the sclera to weaken its effect, while resection involves removing a portion of a muscle to strengthen its effect
• Anesthesia types vary based on if it's local, regional, or general anesthesia
• Eye instruments include forceps, scissors, speculums, and specialized equipment for various ophthalmic procedures
• Case planning for microscopes involves selecting appropriate magnification, illumination, and accessories for the specific surgical procedure
• Prepping for ophthalmic procedures includes sterilizing the surgical area and draping the patient to maintain a sterile field

Oral Maxillofacial (OMF)

• Le Fort I fracture separates the hard palate and alveolar process from the maxilla
• Le Fort II fracture involves separation of the maxilla and nasal complex from the facial skeleton
• Le Fort III fracture results in complete separation of the midface from the cranial base
• The three regions that the bones of the face are divided into are the upper, middle, and lower face
• Applying implants in surgical procedures involves using plates and screws to stabilize fractured bones or provide a framework for reconstruction
• Arch bar application is defined as a method of immobilizing the maxilla and mandible following a fracture. The goal being fracture alignment
• The surgical goal of orbital floor fractures is to repair and reconstruct the floor of the eye socket to prevent enophthalmos and diplopia
• Fat grafts are used to add volume and improve contour in areas such as the face, and are typically harvested from areas with excess fat, such as the abdomen or thighs
• A throat pack is used to prevent aspiration of blood and secretions during oral and maxillofacial procedures
• Surgical positions and safety precautions for OMF procedures include supine, prone, and lateral positions, as well as measures to protect the airway and prevent nerve damage
• Diagnostic procedures used with oral and maxillofacial surgery include X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and clinical examinations

Plastics

• Rhytidectomy is a facelift
• Allograft is a tissue graft from a genetically different individual of the same species
• Autograft is a tissue graft from one's own body
• Mentoplasty is chin augmentation
• Blepharoplasty is eyelid surgery
• Panniculectomy is the removal of excess skin and fat from the lower abdomen
• Pedicle graft is a skin graft that remains partially attached to the donor site to maintain blood supply
• Debridement is the removal of dead or damaged tissue from a wound
• Eschar is a scab or dry crust resulting from a burn or trauma
• Escharotomy is a surgical incision made through the eschar to relieve pressure and improve circulation
• Fasciotomy is a surgical incision made into the fascia to relieve pressure and restore blood flow
• Malar implants are used to enhance the cheekbones
• Split-thickness skin grafts involve transferring a thin layer of skin, while full-thickness skin grafts involve transferring the entire thickness of the skin
• A biological graft is derived from living tissue, while a synthetic graft is made from artificial materials
• A dermatome is an area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve root, used to assess nerve function
• Goals of breast augmentation mammoplasty include increasing breast size, improving symmetry, or restoring volume after weight loss or pregnancy
• Types of implants used in breast augmentation surgery include saline-filled and silicone gel implants, with varying shapes and sizes
• Polydactyly is the presence of extra fingers or toes, while syndactyly is the fusion of fingers or toes
• An abdominoplasty's goal is to remove excess skin and fat from the abdomen and tighten the abdominal muscles

Thoracic (and pulmonary) Surgery

• Empyema is the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
• Hemoptysis is the coughing up of blood
• Hypoxia is a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
• Pneumonectomy is the surgical removal of a lung
• Decortication of the lung is the removal of the fibrous peel from the lung surface
• Dyspnea is difficult or labored breathing
• Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is a group of disorders that occur when blood vessels or nerves in the space between the clavicle and the first rib are compressed
• Hyperpnea is increased depth of breathing
• Chest tube placement is aimed to drain air, blood, or fluid from the pleural space, and requires supplies such as chest tubes, drainage systems, and insertion instruments
• Rigid bronchoscopy uses a straight, hollow metal tube, while flexible bronchoscopy uses a bendable fiberoptic scope
• Hemothorax is the accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity, while pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural cavity
• The diaphragm is between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
• Instrumentation for cardio-thoracic include retractors, clamps, and specialized instruments for specific procedures

Cardiac Surgery

• Fibrillation is rapid, irregular, and unsynchronized contraction of muscle fibers
• Orthotopic transplantation involves replacing an organ with one from a donor in the same anatomical location
• Cardioplegia is the intentional and temporary cessation of heart activity
• CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft) is a surgical procedure to improve blood flow to the heart by bypassing blocked arteries
• An anticoagulant prevents blood clotting
• The heart is contained in the pericardial cavity
• The sinoatrial (SA) node initiates the electrical impulses that control heart rate
• Incisions are median sternotomy and thoracotomy
• Protamine sulfate reverses the effects of heparin, lidocaine is used as an antiarrhythmic, heparin prevents blood clotting, and epinephrine is used as a vasopressor
• The surgical goal of the pericardial window is to create an opening in the pericardium to drain fluid and relieve pressure on the heart
• Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, treated by surgical repair or angioplasty
• Arterial blood gases provide information about oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, essential for assessing respiratory and metabolic status

Peripheral Vascular Surgery

• Embolus is a blood clot, air bubble, or other obstruction that travels through the bloodstream
• Endarterectomy is the surgical removal of plaque from the inner lining of an artery
• Thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a blood vessel or the heart
• Extracorporeal Hemodialysis is a blood-filtering process used in patients with kidney failure
• In situ graft is used for bypass in the legs, connecting a major artery to a distal artery
• Ischemia is an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body
• Angiography is an X-ray imaging to visualize blood vessels after injecting contrast dye
• Angioplasty is a procedure to widen narrowed or obstructed blood vessels
• Arteriotomy is an incision into an artery
• An arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein, while an arteriovenous graft is a synthetic connection between an artery and a vein
• An embolectomy catheter removes blood clots from blood vessels
• False aneurysms are contained ruptures, while true aneurysms involve all three layers of the vessel wall

Neurosurgery

• Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells in the brain
• Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain
• Cerebellum coordinates movement and balance
• Brainstem connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord
• Mayfield instrument table is a specialized table used in neurosurgery to hold instruments
• Cottonoids are surgical patties used to absorb blood and fluids during neurosurgery
• Foraminotomy is a surgical procedure to widen the intervertebral foramen
• ACDF (Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion) is a surgical procedure to remove a damaged disc in the neck and fuse the adjacent vertebrae
• Carpal tunnel release is the surgery to relieve compression of the median nerve
• Ulnar nerve transposition moves the ulnar nerve to prevent compression
• Craniotomy involves removing a piece of the skull to access the brain, while craniectomy involves removing a portion of the skull and not replacing it
• Hemostatic agents used in neurosurgery include bone wax, gelatin sponges, and fibrin sealants
• The surgical technologist assists with the neuro drill, ensuring proper assembly, function, and maintenance
• The vertebral column consists of cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5 fused), and coccygeal (4 fused) sections
• ESU commonly used in a craniotomy is a bipolar electrosurgical unit is typically used
• Laminectomy involves removing part of the vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves, while discectomy involves removing a damaged or herniated disc

Overview of ophthalmic procedures such as keratoplasty, iridectomy, and vitrectomy. Covers conditions like cataracts and glaucoma, along with surgical interventions like blepharoplasty and scleral buckling. Also addresses eyelid issues such as entropion and ectropion.