Ophthalmic Pharmacology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of brimonidine?

  • Constrict pupil
  • Dilate pupil
  • Decrease production of humor and increase outflow (correct)
  • Increase production of humor

    • What is a common complication associated with the use of lantoprost?

  • Stinging discomfort (correct)
  • Retinal detachment
  • Drowsiness
  • Hyperpigmentation of the iris

    • What therapeutic use does pilocarpine serve?

  • Constrict pupils
  • Increase production of humor
  • Dilate pupils
  • Decrease IOP (correct)

    • What are the potential side effects of phenylephrine?

    <p>Sweating and agitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is contraindicated for use with antihypertensives?

    <p>Brimonidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is associated with anticholinergics like atropine?

    <p>Glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic indication does brimonidine primarily address?

    <p>Glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MOA of cholinergic agonists like pilocarpine?

    <p>Increase outflow of humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of pharmacological treatment for glaucoma?

    <p>Decrease intraocular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medication is used to increase humor outflow in patients with glaucoma?

    <p>Prostaglandin analogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications would be used to treat allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Antihistamine drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers like timolol?

    <p>Bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication class is used to manage Meniere's disease symptoms related to nausea?

    <p>Antiemetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacological treatment may be prescribed for a patient diagnosed with bacterial conjunctivitis?

    <p>Antibiotic ointment or drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication could potentially mask hypoglycemia symptoms in diabetic patients?

    <p>Beta blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended action if a patient on beta blockers shows bradycardia with a heart rate below 50?

    <p>Hold the medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacological treatment is appropriate for viral conjunctivitis caused by herpes?

    <p>Antivirals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is primarily used to increase humor outflow in glaucoma treatment?

    <p>Prostaglandin analogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of beta blockers when used for treating glaucoma?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medication is primarily used to manage fluid pressure in Meniere's disease?

    <p>Loop diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of mydriatics used before cataract surgery?

    <p>Dilate pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended caution for administering beta blockers in patients with diabetes?

    <p>May mask symptoms of hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medication is commonly prescribed for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Antihistamine drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pharmacological treatment for chlamydia conjunctivitis is typically administered?

    <p>Systemic antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common complication associated with brimonidine?

    <p>Dilated pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of using pilocarpine?

    <p>Retinal detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is known to cause increased pigmentation of the iris?

    <p>Lantoprost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of phenylephrine?

    <p>Dilates pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following side effects is commonly associated with atropine?

    <p>Photophobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications may induce SLUDGE symptoms?

    <p>Cholinergic agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class does brimonidine belong to for glaucoma treatment?

    <p>Adrenergic agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common side effect might be observed with the use of pilocarpine?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of pharmacological treatment in glaucoma management?

    <p>Decrease intraocular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications is typically used to increase humor outflow in eye treatment?

    <p>Prostaglandin analogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noted complication of nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers when used in glaucoma treatment?

    <p>Bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible complication of using pilocarpine?

    <p>Retinal detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication type is specifically indicated for the treatment of chlamydia conjunctivitis?

    <p>Systemic antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of using brimonidine?

    <p>Drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medication is commonly prescribed to manage symptoms of Meniere’s disease?

    <p>Loop diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect might a patient experience from using timolol eye drops for glaucoma?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is contraindicated for use with antihypertensives?

    <p>Brimonidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the action of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists in eye treatment?

    <p>Both decrease humor production and increase outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does phenylephrine have on the pupil?

    <p>Dilates pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is utilized to dilate the pupil prior to cataract surgery?

    <p>Alpha-1 adrenergic agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious adverse effect is associated with anticholinergics like atropine?

    <p>Glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic use of lantoprost?

    <p>Manage glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common complication may arise from using lantoprost?

    <p>Burning sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of action characterizes cholinergic agonists like pilocarpine?

    <p>Increase humor outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary therapeutic use of systemic antibiotics in eye disorders?

    <p>Treating bacterial conjunctivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medication is primarily focused on increasing humor outflow in glaucoma treatment?

    <p>Prostaglandin analogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which potential side effect is associated with the use of beta-adrenergic blockers like timolol?

    <p>Orthostatic hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with the use of anticholinergic medications?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication may be used to manage nausea in Meniere’s disease?

    <p>Antiemetics like promethazine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of administering mydriatics before cataract surgery?

    <p>To dilate the pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is contraindicated for patients with chronic respiratory disorders?

    <p>Timolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intended effect of antihistamine drops in allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>To reduce inflammation and itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant side effect associated with brimonidine?

    <p>Drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is characterized by increasing the outflow of humor in the treatment of glaucoma?

    <p>Pilocarpine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from the use of pilocarpine?

    <p>Retinal detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using phenylephrine in eye treatment?

    <p>Dilate the pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect associated with the use of atropine?

    <p>Photophobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is tied to the use of adrenergic agonists like phenylephrine?

    <p>Cardiovascular issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is commonly observed with the use of lantoprost?

    <p>Increased pigmentation of the iris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication associated with anticholinergics like atropine?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is likely to be prescribed to patients with allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Antihistamine drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medication is primarily used to decrease humor production in the treatment of glaucoma?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of promethazine in Meniere's disease?

    <p>Prevent nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications is associated with using nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers like timolol?

    <p>Bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the treatment of glaucoma, which medication is known for increasing humor outflow?

    <p>Prostaglandin analogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly used as a pre-operative medication for cataract surgery?

    <p>Mydriatics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible side effect of loop diuretics when used for Meniere's disease?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant side effect associated with chronic use of brimonidine?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is known for causing retinal detachment as a complication?

    <p>Pilocarpine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of action is shared by lantoprost and pilocarpine?

    <p>Increased humor outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of using phenylephrine?

    <p>Agitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is specifically associated with the use of atropine?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is typically observed with the use of lantoprost?

    <p>Burning sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic use does phenylephrine primarily serve in eye treatments?

    <p>To dilate the pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What peripheral epiphenomena may be associated with brimonidine due to sympathetic actions?

    <p>Drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is used specifically to treat allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Antihistamine drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pharmacological treatment is typically prescribed for a viral conjunctivitis caused by herpes?

    <p>Antivirals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classes of medication decreases the production of aqueous humor in glaucoma therapy?

    <p>Beta blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medication is used for managing fluid pressure in Meniere’s disease?

    <p>Loop diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers like timolol when used for glaucoma treatment?

    <p>Bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medication is primarily used as a pre-operative agent to dilate the pupil before cataract surgery?

    <p>Mydriatics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which systemic antibiotic treatment is indicated for chlamydia conjunctivitis?

    <p>One month duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is specifically associated with using lantoprost?

    <p>Increased pigmentation of the iris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential side effect of brimonidine?

    <p>Drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of anticholinergic medications like atropine?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is primarily used to dilate the pupil in eye treatments?

    <p>Phenylephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of brimonidine in ophthalmology?

    <p>Decrease IOP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic complication of phenylephrine usage?

    <p>Cardiovascular issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a symptom associated with SLUDGE related to cholinergic agonists?

    <p>Salivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a known complication of using brimonidine?

    <p>Stinging discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is specifically associated with the use of pilocarpine?

    <p>Retinal detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of lantoprost?

    <p>Increases outflow of humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication may arise from the use of atropine?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the action of phenylephrine?

    <p>Dilates the pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant effect does brimonidine have on intraocular pressure (IOP)?

    <p>Decrease production of humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is characterized by sweating, agitation, and confusion?

    <p>Killer Bs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of brimonidine?

    <p>Antihypertensives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacological treatment is specifically used for chronic conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia?

    <p>Systemic antibiotics for 1 month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary action of prostaglandin analogs used in glaucoma treatment?

    <p>Decrease intraocular pressure by increasing humor outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication category is utilized to mitigate nausea symptoms associated with Meniere’s disease?

    <p>Antiemetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key contraindication for the use of nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers in ophthalmic treatment?

    <p>Chronic respiratory disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of pharmacological treatment for cataracts prior to surgery?

    <p>To dilate the pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medication is specifically indicated for decreasing fluid pressure in the ear for patients with Meniere's disease?

    <p>Loop diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be a complication associated with the use of beta-blockers for glaucoma treatment?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic use does systemic antibiotics serve in ocular conditions?

    <p>Treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Conjunctivitis Pharmacology

    • Allergic: Topical steroids, antihistamine drops.
    • Bacterial: Antibiotic ointments or drops.
    • Viral: Antivirals (if caused by Herpes or Varicella).
    • Chlamydia: Systemic antibiotics (for 1 month).

    Glaucoma Pharmacology

    • Goal: Decrease intraocular pressure.
    • Increase humor outflow: Prostaglandin analogs, miotic or cholinergic agents.
    • Decrease humor production: Beta blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, alpha-2 agonists.

    Cataracts Pharmacology

    • Stool softeners.
    • Pre-op medications.
    • Mydriatics (alpha-1 adrenergic agonists).

    Meniere's Disease

    • Anticholinergics:
      • Pharmacology: Antiemetics (promethazine, scopolamine), loop diuretics.
      • Mechanism of action: Increase urine output, decrease fluid pressure in the ear.

    Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (Eye Drops)

    • Mechanism of Action (MOA): Decrease aqueous humor production, thereby decreasing intraocular pressure (IOP).
    • Therapeutic Use: Glaucoma.
    • Side Effects/Complications: Stinging, bradycardia (if heart rate below 50), hypoglycemia masking, decreased cardiac output, orthostatic hypotension, bronchoconstriction.
    • Contraindications: Chronic respiratory disorders.

    Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists (Eye Drops)

    • MOA: Decrease humor production and increase outflow to decrease IOP.
    • Therapeutic Use: Glaucoma.

    Prostaglandin Analogs (Eye Drops)

    • MOA: Increase outflow of humor to decrease IOP.
    • Therapeutic Use: Glaucoma.
    • Side Effects/Complications: Stinging, burning, reddened conjunctiva, blurred vision, increased pigmentation (brown of the iris).

    Cholinergic Agonists (Eye Drops)

    • MOA: Increase outflow of humor to decrease IOP.
    • Therapeutic Use: Glaucoma.
    • Side Effects/Complications: Retinal detachment, blurred vision, SLUDGE and Killer Bs (parasympathetic symptoms), antidote is atropine (sympathetic).

    Adrenergic Agonists (Alpha-1) (Eye Drops)

    • MOA: Dilates pupils.
    • Complications: Cardiovascular (vasoconstriction, hypertension), sweating, tremor, agitation, confusion.

    Anticholinergics (Eye Drops)

    • MOA: Constrict pupil (prevents accommodation), blocks acetylcholine.
    • Side Effects/Complications: Blurred vision, photophobia.

    Adverse Effects

    • Anticholinergic: Dry saliva and respiratory secretions.
    • Glaucoma.

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