Ophthalmic Pharmacology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of brimonidine?

  • Constrict pupil
  • Dilate pupil
  • Decrease production of humor and increase outflow (correct)
  • Increase production of humor

What is a common complication associated with the use of lantoprost?

  • Stinging discomfort (correct)
  • Retinal detachment
  • Drowsiness
  • Hyperpigmentation of the iris

What therapeutic use does pilocarpine serve?

  • Constrict pupils
  • Increase production of humor
  • Dilate pupils
  • Decrease IOP (correct)

What are the potential side effects of phenylephrine?

<p>Sweating and agitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is contraindicated for use with antihypertensives?

<p>Brimonidine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is associated with anticholinergics like atropine?

<p>Glaucoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic indication does brimonidine primarily address?

<p>Glaucoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of cholinergic agonists like pilocarpine?

<p>Increase outflow of humor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of pharmacological treatment for glaucoma?

<p>Decrease intraocular pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medication is used to increase humor outflow in patients with glaucoma?

<p>Prostaglandin analogs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications would be used to treat allergic conjunctivitis?

<p>Antihistamine drops (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers like timolol?

<p>Bronchoconstriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class is used to manage Meniere's disease symptoms related to nausea?

<p>Antiemetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pharmacological treatment may be prescribed for a patient diagnosed with bacterial conjunctivitis?

<p>Antibiotic ointment or drops (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication could potentially mask hypoglycemia symptoms in diabetic patients?

<p>Beta blockers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended action if a patient on beta blockers shows bradycardia with a heart rate below 50?

<p>Hold the medication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pharmacological treatment is appropriate for viral conjunctivitis caused by herpes?

<p>Antivirals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is primarily used to increase humor outflow in glaucoma treatment?

<p>Prostaglandin analogs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of beta blockers when used for treating glaucoma?

<p>Bradycardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medication is primarily used to manage fluid pressure in Meniere's disease?

<p>Loop diuretics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mydriatics used before cataract surgery?

<p>Dilate pupils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended caution for administering beta blockers in patients with diabetes?

<p>May mask symptoms of hypoglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication is commonly prescribed for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis?

<p>Antihistamine drops (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pharmacological treatment for chlamydia conjunctivitis is typically administered?

<p>Systemic antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common complication associated with brimonidine?

<p>Dilated pupils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of using pilocarpine?

<p>Retinal detachment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is known to cause increased pigmentation of the iris?

<p>Lantoprost (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of phenylephrine?

<p>Dilates pupil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following side effects is commonly associated with atropine?

<p>Photophobia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications may induce SLUDGE symptoms?

<p>Cholinergic agonists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class does brimonidine belong to for glaucoma treatment?

<p>Adrenergic agonists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common side effect might be observed with the use of pilocarpine?

<p>Blurred vision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of pharmacological treatment in glaucoma management?

<p>Decrease intraocular pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications is typically used to increase humor outflow in eye treatment?

<p>Prostaglandin analogs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a noted complication of nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers when used in glaucoma treatment?

<p>Bronchoconstriction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible complication of using pilocarpine?

<p>Retinal detachment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication type is specifically indicated for the treatment of chlamydia conjunctivitis?

<p>Systemic antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of using brimonidine?

<p>Drowsiness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What medication is commonly prescribed to manage symptoms of Meniere’s disease?

<p>Loop diuretics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What side effect might a patient experience from using timolol eye drops for glaucoma?

<p>Bradycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is contraindicated for use with antihypertensives?

<p>Brimonidine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the action of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists in eye treatment?

<p>Both decrease humor production and increase outflow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does phenylephrine have on the pupil?

<p>Dilates pupil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is utilized to dilate the pupil prior to cataract surgery?

<p>Alpha-1 adrenergic agonists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What serious adverse effect is associated with anticholinergics like atropine?

<p>Glaucoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a therapeutic use of lantoprost?

<p>Manage glaucoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common complication may arise from using lantoprost?

<p>Burning sensation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism of action characterizes cholinergic agonists like pilocarpine?

<p>Increase humor outflow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary therapeutic use of systemic antibiotics in eye disorders?

<p>Treating bacterial conjunctivitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medication is primarily focused on increasing humor outflow in glaucoma treatment?

<p>Prostaglandin analogs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which potential side effect is associated with the use of beta-adrenergic blockers like timolol?

<p>Orthostatic hypotension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect associated with the use of anticholinergic medications?

<p>Dry mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication may be used to manage nausea in Meniere’s disease?

<p>Antiemetics like promethazine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of administering mydriatics before cataract surgery?

<p>To dilate the pupil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is contraindicated for patients with chronic respiratory disorders?

<p>Timolol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intended effect of antihistamine drops in allergic conjunctivitis?

<p>To reduce inflammation and itching (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant side effect associated with brimonidine?

<p>Drowsiness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is characterized by increasing the outflow of humor in the treatment of glaucoma?

<p>Pilocarpine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can arise from the use of pilocarpine?

<p>Retinal detachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using phenylephrine in eye treatment?

<p>Dilate the pupil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common side effect associated with the use of atropine?

<p>Photophobia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is tied to the use of adrenergic agonists like phenylephrine?

<p>Cardiovascular issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is commonly observed with the use of lantoprost?

<p>Increased pigmentation of the iris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication associated with anticholinergics like atropine?

<p>Blurred vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is likely to be prescribed to patients with allergic conjunctivitis?

<p>Antihistamine drops (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medication is primarily used to decrease humor production in the treatment of glaucoma?

<p>Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic use of promethazine in Meniere's disease?

<p>Prevent nausea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following complications is associated with using nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers like timolol?

<p>Bronchoconstriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of glaucoma, which medication is known for increasing humor outflow?

<p>Prostaglandin analogs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is commonly used as a pre-operative medication for cataract surgery?

<p>Mydriatics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible side effect of loop diuretics when used for Meniere's disease?

<p>Dehydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant side effect associated with chronic use of brimonidine?

<p>Dry mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is known for causing retinal detachment as a complication?

<p>Pilocarpine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism of action is shared by lantoprost and pilocarpine?

<p>Increased humor outflow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of using phenylephrine?

<p>Agitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is specifically associated with the use of atropine?

<p>Blurred vision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is typically observed with the use of lantoprost?

<p>Burning sensation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic use does phenylephrine primarily serve in eye treatments?

<p>To dilate the pupil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What peripheral epiphenomena may be associated with brimonidine due to sympathetic actions?

<p>Drowsiness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is used specifically to treat allergic conjunctivitis?

<p>Antihistamine drops (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pharmacological treatment is typically prescribed for a viral conjunctivitis caused by herpes?

<p>Antivirals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classes of medication decreases the production of aqueous humor in glaucoma therapy?

<p>Beta blockers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medication is used for managing fluid pressure in Meniere’s disease?

<p>Loop diuretics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers like timolol when used for glaucoma treatment?

<p>Bronchoconstriction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of medication is primarily used as a pre-operative agent to dilate the pupil before cataract surgery?

<p>Mydriatics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which systemic antibiotic treatment is indicated for chlamydia conjunctivitis?

<p>One month duration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is specifically associated with using lantoprost?

<p>Increased pigmentation of the iris (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential side effect of brimonidine?

<p>Drowsiness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of anticholinergic medications like atropine?

<p>Blurred vision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is primarily used to dilate the pupil in eye treatments?

<p>Phenylephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic use of brimonidine in ophthalmology?

<p>Decrease IOP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic complication of phenylephrine usage?

<p>Cardiovascular issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a symptom associated with SLUDGE related to cholinergic agonists?

<p>Salivation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a known complication of using brimonidine?

<p>Stinging discomfort (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is specifically associated with the use of pilocarpine?

<p>Retinal detachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of lantoprost?

<p>Increases outflow of humor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication may arise from the use of atropine?

<p>Blurred vision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the action of phenylephrine?

<p>Dilates the pupil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant effect does brimonidine have on intraocular pressure (IOP)?

<p>Decrease production of humor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is characterized by sweating, agitation, and confusion?

<p>Killer Bs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of brimonidine?

<p>Antihypertensives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pharmacological treatment is specifically used for chronic conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia?

<p>Systemic antibiotics for 1 month (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary action of prostaglandin analogs used in glaucoma treatment?

<p>Decrease intraocular pressure by increasing humor outflow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication category is utilized to mitigate nausea symptoms associated with Meniere’s disease?

<p>Antiemetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key contraindication for the use of nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers in ophthalmic treatment?

<p>Chronic respiratory disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of pharmacological treatment for cataracts prior to surgery?

<p>To dilate the pupil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medication is specifically indicated for decreasing fluid pressure in the ear for patients with Meniere's disease?

<p>Loop diuretics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may be a complication associated with the use of beta-blockers for glaucoma treatment?

<p>Bradycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic use does systemic antibiotics serve in ocular conditions?

<p>Treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Conjunctivitis treatment (bacterial)

Antibiotic ointment or drops are used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis.

Glaucoma treatment goal

To decrease intraocular pressure (IOP).

Glaucoma treatment (increasing outflow)

Prostaglandin analogs and miotic/cholinergic agents increase fluid outflow from the eye.

Glaucoma treatment (decreasing production)

Beta-blockers and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors decrease the production of fluid in the eye.

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Beta-blocker eye drops MOA

Decrease intraocular pressure (IOP) by reducing aqueous humor production.

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Beta-blocker eye drop complication (beta 1)

Bradycardia (slow heart rate), decreased cardiac output, and orthostatic hypotension.

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Meniere's disease treatment (antimetic)

Promethazine or scopolamine treat nausea that may accompany Meniere's disease.

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Meniere's disease treatment (diuretic)

Loop diuretics increase urine output, reducing fluid pressure in the inner ear.

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Brimonidine MOA

Reduces aqueous humor production and increases outflow to lower IOP.

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Brimonidine Therapeutic Use

Treatment of glaucoma.

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Lantoprost MOA

Increases outflow of aqueous humor to decrease IOP.

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Pilocarpine MOA

Increases outflow of aqueous humor to decrease IOP.

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Phenylephrine Action

Dilates the pupil.

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Atropine Action

Constricts pupil, preventing accommodation.

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Anticholinergic Side Effects

Dry mouth, dry eyes, and respiratory issues due to reduced secretions.

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Atropine Contraindication

Glaucoma.

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Brimonidine (alpha-2 agonist) MOA

Reduces aqueous humor production and increases outflow to decrease intraocular pressure (IOP).

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Lantoprost (prostaglandin analog) MOA

Increases outflow of aqueous humor to decrease IOP.

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Pilocarpine (cholinergic agonist) MOA

Increases outflow of aqueous humor to decrease IOP.

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Phenylephrine (alpha-1 agonist) MOA

Dilates the pupil.

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Atropine (anticholinergic) MOA

Constricts the pupil, preventing accommodation.

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Adverse Effects of Anticholinergics

Dry mouth, dry eyes, and respiratory issues due to reduced secretions.

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Conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that lines the inside of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye.

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How do prostaglandin analogs work?

They increase the outflow of aqueous humor, the fluid in the eye.

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What are beta blockers used for in eye care?

They decrease the production of aqueous humor, reducing IOP.

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What are alpha-2 agonists used for in eye care?

They both decrease the production of aqueous humor and increase its outflow, lowering IOP.

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Meniere's Disease

A disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of pressure in the ear.

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How do loop diuretics help with Meniere's?

They increase urine production, reducing fluid pressure in the inner ear.

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What are antiemetics used for in Meniere's?

To reduce nausea and vomiting, common symptoms of the disease.

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Conjunctivitis types

Conjunctivitis can be caused by allergies, bacteria, viruses, or Chlamydia. Each type requires a specific treatment.

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How do beta blockers work in glaucoma?

Beta blockers reduce the production of aqueous humor, lowering IOP.

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What are alpha-2 agonists used for?

Alpha-2 agonists reduce the production of aqueous humor and increase its outflow, lowering IOP.

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Meniere's disease treatment goal

The goal is to manage symptoms like vertigo, nausea, tinnitus, and pressure in the ear.

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How do loop diuretics help Meniere's?

Loop diuretics increase urine production, reducing fluid pressure in the inner ear.

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What are antiemetics used for?

Antiemetics are used to reduce nausea and vomiting, which are common symptoms of Meniere's.

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Contraindication for Anticholinergics

Glaucoma because they can worsen the condition by increasing IOP.

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Phenylephrine MOA

Phenylephrine, an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist, dilates the pupil by stimulating the radial muscle of the iris.

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Atropine MOA

Atropine, an anticholinergic, constricts the pupil (miosis) by blocking the action of acetylcholine on the ciliary muscle, preventing accommodation (focusing).

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Anticholinergic Adverse Effects

Anticholinergics, including atropine, often cause dry mouth, dry eyes, and respiratory issues due to reduced secretions.

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Conjunctivitis: Allergic

Inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by an allergic reaction. Treated with topical steroids and antihistamine drops to reduce inflammation and itching.

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Conjunctivitis: Bacterial

Inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by bacteria. Treated with antibiotic ointments or drops to kill the bacteria.

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Glaucoma: Increasing Outflow

Some glaucoma medications work by increasing the outflow of fluid (aqueous humor) from the eye, reducing IOP.

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Prostaglandin Analogs

A type of medication used to treat glaucoma by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor from the eye.

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Beta Blockers: Eye Drops

Beta blockers are used to treat glaucoma by decreasing the production of aqueous humor, reducing IOP.

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Meniere's Disease Treatment

Treatment for Meniere's disease focuses on managing symptoms like vertigo, tinnitus, and pressure in the ear. Medications include antiemetics to reduce nausea and loop diuretics to reduce fluid pressure.

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Loop Diuretics: Meniere's

Loop diuretics are used in Meniere's disease to increase urine output and decrease fluid pressure in the inner ear, reducing the severity of attacks.

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What is SLUDGE?

SLUDGE is a mnemonic for the side effects of cholinergic agonists (parasympathetic), including: * Salivation * Lacrimation * Urination * Digestion * Gastrointestinal upset * Emesis.

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Types of Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis can be caused by allergies, bacteria, viruses, or Chlamydia.

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Glaucoma Medications: Increasing Outflow

Prostaglandin analogs and miotic/cholinergic agents increase fluid outflow from the eye.

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Glaucoma Medications: Decreasing Production

Beta blockers and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors decrease the production of fluid in the eye.

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Meniere's Treatment: Antiemetics

Promethazine or scopolamine treat nausea that may accompany Meniere's disease.

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Meniere's Treatment: Loop Diuretics

Loop diuretics increase urine output and reduce fluid pressure in the ear, helping to relieve Meniere's symptoms.

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Decrease IOP

Lowering intraocular pressure, which is the pressure inside the eye. This is the primary goal for treating glaucoma, as high IOP can damage the optic nerve.

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Glaucoma: Outflow Increase

A type of glaucoma treatment that increases the flow of fluid (aqueous humor) out of the eye, thereby reducing the internal pressure. Examples include prostaglandin analogs and cholinergic agonists.

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Glaucoma: Production Reduction

A type of glaucoma treatment that decreases the production of fluid (aqueous humor) in the eye, thus reducing the internal pressure. Examples include beta-blockers and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

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Brimonidine (Alpha 2 Agonist) Action

Brimonidine reduces the production of fluid in the eye and increases the outflow of fluid, working on both sides of the equation to lower IOP.

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Pilocarpine (Cholinergic) Action

Pilocarpine increases the outflow of fluid from the eye, lowering IOP. This effect is due to its cholinergic action, mimicking the actions of acetylcholine in the eye.

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Phenylephrine (Alpha 1 Agonist) Action

Phenylephrine is an alpha-1 agonist that dilates the pupil. This effect is useful in eye exams but can have cardiovascular complications.

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Atropine (Anticholinergic) Action

Atropine constricts the pupil and prevents accommodation (focusing). This is because it blocks acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter responsible for pupil constriction and focusing.

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Glaucoma: Decreasing Production

Beta blockers and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors decrease the production of fluid in the eye.

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Timolol (Beta Blocker) MOA

Decrease IOP by decreasing the amount of aqueous humor produced

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Beta Blockers for Glaucoma

These medications decrease the production of aqueous humor in the eye, lowering IOP.

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Brimonidine (Alpha-2 Agonist)

This medication both decreases the production of fluid and increases outflow, effectively lowering IOP.

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Pilocarpine (Cholinergic Agonist)

This medication increases outflow of fluid, lowering IOP.

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Anticholinergics and Glaucoma

Anticholinergic medications are contraindicated for glaucoma because they can increase intraocular pressure.

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Study Notes

Conjunctivitis Pharmacology

  • Allergic: Topical steroids, antihistamine drops.
  • Bacterial: Antibiotic ointments or drops.
  • Viral: Antivirals (if caused by Herpes or Varicella).
  • Chlamydia: Systemic antibiotics (for 1 month).

Glaucoma Pharmacology

  • Goal: Decrease intraocular pressure.
  • Increase humor outflow: Prostaglandin analogs, miotic or cholinergic agents.
  • Decrease humor production: Beta blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, alpha-2 agonists.

Cataracts Pharmacology

  • Stool softeners.
  • Pre-op medications.
  • Mydriatics (alpha-1 adrenergic agonists).

Meniere's Disease

  • Anticholinergics:
    • Pharmacology: Antiemetics (promethazine, scopolamine), loop diuretics.
    • Mechanism of action: Increase urine output, decrease fluid pressure in the ear.

Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (Eye Drops)

  • Mechanism of Action (MOA): Decrease aqueous humor production, thereby decreasing intraocular pressure (IOP).
  • Therapeutic Use: Glaucoma.
  • Side Effects/Complications: Stinging, bradycardia (if heart rate below 50), hypoglycemia masking, decreased cardiac output, orthostatic hypotension, bronchoconstriction.
  • Contraindications: Chronic respiratory disorders.

Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists (Eye Drops)

  • MOA: Decrease humor production and increase outflow to decrease IOP.
  • Therapeutic Use: Glaucoma.

Prostaglandin Analogs (Eye Drops)

  • MOA: Increase outflow of humor to decrease IOP.
  • Therapeutic Use: Glaucoma.
  • Side Effects/Complications: Stinging, burning, reddened conjunctiva, blurred vision, increased pigmentation (brown of the iris).

Cholinergic Agonists (Eye Drops)

  • MOA: Increase outflow of humor to decrease IOP.
  • Therapeutic Use: Glaucoma.
  • Side Effects/Complications: Retinal detachment, blurred vision, SLUDGE and Killer Bs (parasympathetic symptoms), antidote is atropine (sympathetic).

Adrenergic Agonists (Alpha-1) (Eye Drops)

  • MOA: Dilates pupils.
  • Complications: Cardiovascular (vasoconstriction, hypertension), sweating, tremor, agitation, confusion.

Anticholinergics (Eye Drops)

  • MOA: Constrict pupil (prevents accommodation), blocks acetylcholine.
  • Side Effects/Complications: Blurred vision, photophobia.

Adverse Effects

  • Anticholinergic: Dry saliva and respiratory secretions.
  • Glaucoma.

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