Ophthalmic Medications Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is a common side effect of bimatoprost (Lumigan, Latisse)?

Eyelash growth (correct)

Skin rash

Loss of appetite

Blurred vision

What pharmacologic category does timolol belong to?

Alpha2 agonist

Corticosteroid

Non-selective beta-blocker (correct)

Prostaglandin analog

Which drug is contraindicated in patients receiving MAOI therapy?

Cyclosporine

Azelastine

Brimonidine (correct)

Prednisolone

What is a possible side effect of pseudoephedrine?

Increased blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is indicated for allergic conjunctivitis?

Olopatadine Signup and view all the answers

What is a key side effect of using chlorhexidine for oral care?

Mouth irritation Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum duration for using clobetasol to avoid adrenal suppression?

2 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indication for diphenhydramine?

Allergic rhinitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a side effect of prednisolone?

Cataract formation Signup and view all the answers

What key side effect is associated with the use of hydroxyzine?

QTc prolongation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Basic Drug Knowledge list?

To ensure students have a basic understanding of the most common drugs. Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation 'PO' stand for in the context of drug administration?

Oral Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the information verified for the drugs presented?

Drug information was reviewed by pharmacy faculty and curriculum committee members. Signup and view all the answers

Why is readily retrievable knowledge considered essential for students?

It serves as a foundation for higher-level learning skills. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the abbreviation 'CI'?

Contraindicated Signup and view all the answers

What must students understand about the list of antibiotics included in the Basic Drug Knowledge?

It lists antibiotics but not all pathogens are included. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following textbooks is not mentioned as a reference for verifying drug information?

Bennett's Clinical Pharmacy Signup and view all the answers

How many outpatient drugs are highlighted in the Basic Drug Knowledge list?

300+ Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration is represented by the abbreviation 'INH'?

Inhalation Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of patient care does the Basic Drug Knowledge particularly emphasize?

It aims to enhance safe and effective patient care. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Head, Ears, Eyes, Nose, Throat

Brimonidine is an ophthalmic medication that is an alpha-two agonist used for elevated intraocular pressure (IOP).
Essential Knowledge for brimonidine: Ocular hypersensitivity, drowsiness, allergic conjunctivitis, conjunctival hyperemia, and ocular pruritus are common side effects.
- Brimonidine is contraindicated for patients using monoamine oxidase inhibitor therapy.
Timolol is a non-selective beta-blocker ophthalmic medication used to reduce IOP.
- Essential Knowledge for timolol: Ocular stinging and burning are common side effects.
Bimatoprost is a prostaglandin analog medication used for elevated IOP, also indicated for eyelash hypotrichosis.
- Essential Knowledge for bimatoprost: Common side effects include eyelash growth, conjunctival hyperemia, and ocular pruritus.
Latanoprost is another ophthalmic prostaglandin analog used for reducing IOP.
- Essential Knowledge for latanoprost: The most common side effects are conjunctival hyperemia, ocular pruritus, iris color changes, and periocular hyperpigmentation.
Travoprost is a prostaglandin analog that is used to decrease IOP.
- Essential Knowledge for travoprost: Common side effects include ocular burning, stinging, pruritus, and a foreign body sensation, hypersensitivity is also possible.
Cyclosporine is a calcineurin inhibitor used for keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
- Essential Knowledge for topical cyclosporine: Xeroderma, skin exfoliation, erythema, stinging, and burning are common side effects, as well as hypersensitivity reactions.
Prednisolone is a corticosteroid used in ophthalmic formulations to treat inflammation of the eye.
- Essential Knowledge for prednisolone (ophthalmic): Glaucoma, cataract formation, and corneal thinning are common side effects. Secondary infection is also possible.
Permethrin is a pediculocide medication used to treat lice and scabies.
- Essential Knowledge for permethrin: Common side effects include itching, redness, and swelling of the scalp.
Adapalene is a topical retinoic acid derivative used to treat acne.
- Essential Knowledge for adapalene: Common side effects associated with adapalene include xeroderma, erythema, stinging, and burning.
Chlorhexidine is an antiseptic that has both oral and topical formulations for use as a skin cleanser and for the treatment of periodontitis and gingivitis.
- Essential Knowledge for chlorhexidine: Common side effects include dysgeusia, increased tartar formation, discoloration of the mouth, and irritation of the mouth.
Clobetasol is a topical corticosteroid indicated for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.
- Essential Knowledge for clobetasol: Common side effects include skin burning, dryness of the skin, hypopigmentation, and secondary infection.
- Essential Knowledge for clobetasol: Do not use for more than two weeks because prolonged use may potentially cause adrenal suppression.
Triamcinolone is a topical corticosteroid used to treat psoriasis and other inflammatory skin conditions.
- Essential Knowledge for triamcinolone: Common side effects include burning of the skin and dryness of the skin.

Alpha (α1) Agonist

Pseudoephedrine is an alpha-one agonist used orally to treat nasal congestion.
- Essential Knowledge for Pseudoephedrine: Common side effects include increased blood pressure, tachycardia, insomnia, and restlessness.
- Pseudoephedrine is sold behind the counter.

Corticosteroids

Fluticasone is a nasal corticosteroid used to treat allergic rhinitis.
- Essential Knowledge for fluticasone (intranasal): Common side effects include nasal dryness, epistaxis, nasal burning, and headache.
Triamcinolone is an intranasal corticosteroid used to manage allergic rhinitis.
- Essential Knowledge for triamcinolone (intranasal): The most common side effects include headache. Nasal dryness, epistaxis, and a bitter taste may also be experienced.
Azelastine is another intranasal corticosteroid that is used to treat allergic rhinitis.
- Essential Knowledge for azelastine: Common side effects include headache, nasal dryness, epistaxis, and a bitter taste in the mouth.

Histamine (H1) Blockers

Diphenhydramine is a histamine (H1) blocker used orally and intravenously for allergic rhinitis, allergic reactions, insomnia, and pruritus including nausea.
- Essential Knowledge for diphenhydramine: Common side effects include drowsiness, constipation, xerostomia, and urinary retention.
Hydroxyzine is another histamine (H1) blocker used orally or intravenously to treat anxiety, pruritus, nausea, and other conditions.
- Essential Knowledge for hydroxyzine: Common side effects include drowsiness, somnolence, xerostomia, blurred vision, and QTc prolongation.
Cetirizine is a histamine (H1) blocker available over the counter (OTC) and is used orally to treat allergic rhinitis.
- Essential Knowledge for Cetirizine: Common side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, and headache.
Loratadine is an orally administered histamine (H1) blocker that is also available in OTC formulations and is used to treat allergic rhinitis.
- Essential Knowledge for loratadine: Common side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, and headache.
Fexofenadine is an oral histamine (H1) blocker frequently used to treat allergic rhinitis, both OTC and in prescription formulations.
- Essential Knowledge for fexofenadine: Common side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, and headache.
Olopatadine is an ophthalmic histamine (H1) blocker indicated for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis that is also available in OTC formulations.
- Essential Knowledge for olopatadine: Common side effects are ocular burning, discomfort, and dryness.

Histamine (H1) Blocker and Opioid Analgesic

Promethazine with Codeine is a combination of histamine (H1) blocker, promethazine and opioid analgesic, codeine that is used to treat cough and cold symptoms.
- Essential Knowledge for promethazine and codeine: Common side effects include dizziness, somnolence, xerostomia, blurred vision, constipation and respiratory depression (dose-related).
- Essential Knowledge for promethazine and codeine: US Boxed Warning - The combination use of opioids with benzodiazepines or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants (including alcohol) may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death.
- Essential Knowledge for promethazine and codeine: Opioid containing cough and cold products are no longer indicated for use in patients.

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Description

This quiz covers essential knowledge about various ophthalmic medications used for elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), including brimonidine, timolol, bimatoprost, and latanoprost. Learn about common side effects and contraindications associated with these medications. Enhance your understanding of ocular pharmacology with this comprehensive quiz.