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Questions and Answers
What is the mode of action of ethylene oxide during sterilization?
Which of the following is NOT a property of ethylene oxide?
What factor affects the efficiency of ethylene oxide sterilization?
Which material is suitable for ethylene oxide sterilization according to the text?
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What is the mode of action for radiation sterilization?
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Which type of radiation has high penetration power and is suitable for deep articles?
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What is the target effect of ionizing radiation during sterilization?
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Study Notes
Monitoring Sterilization Process
- Physical indicators:
- Dry heat: thermocouples
- Moist heat: pressure and vacuum gauge, thermocouples
- Ethylene oxide: pressure and vacuum, thermocouples, humidity
- Radiation: dosimeter
- Filtration: bubble point pressure technique
- Chemical indicators:
- Bowne's tube: chemical change in color, ester hydrolysis
- Witness tube: compounds melt at sterilization temp (e.g. sulfur at 115°C, benzoic acid at 120°C)
- Biological indicators:
- Dry heat: Bacillus subtilis or Clostridium tetani
- Moist heat: Bacillus staerothermophillus
- Ethylene oxide: Bacillus globigii
- Ionizing radiation: Bacillus pumilus
- Filtration: Serratia marcescens or Pseudomonas diminuta
- Mathematical indicators:
- Increased D value: resistant
- Increased Z value: resistant
- Increase in either D or Z values: re-evaluation of sterilization cycle
Validation of Sterilization Process
- Bioburden monitoring: total number of organisms per milliliter or per gram
- Environmental monitoring: microbial contamination in manufacturing areas
- Monitoring sterilization process: physical, chemical, biological, and mathematical indicators
- Monitoring sterilized product: to ensure product is sterilized
Cold Sterilization
- Types: radiation, filtration, and gaseous sterilization
- Ethylene oxide:
- Mode of action: alkylation of sulfhydryl, amino, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups in proteins and imino groups in DNA
- Properties: gas at normal pressure, inflammable, explosive, toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic
- Factors affecting efficiency: concentration, temperature, relative humidity, and penetration
- Application: suitable for plastic, antibiotics, hormones, surgical dressing, and thermolabile powders in bulk
Radiation Sterilization
- Mode of action: release electrons from atoms, target effect, and indirect effect
- Types: gamma rays, accelerated or high-speed electrons, and UV radiation
- Radiation dose: 2.32 million rad (M.Rd) or 25 kGray
- Application: similar to ethylene oxide and vaccines
Sterilization by Filtration
- Use: for thermolabile liquids, gases, and solutions
- Advantage: removes microorganisms, does not alter physicochemical characteristics of the substance
- Disadvantage: aseptic, bacterial toxins not removed, and requires trained staff
- Types: depth filter and screen filter
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Description
Test your knowledge on the physical indicators used for monitoring different sterilization processes such as dry heat, moist heat, ethylene oxide, radiation, and filtration. Learn about thermocouples, pressure gauges, vacuum gauges, dosimeters, humidity sensors, and the bubble point pressure technique.
