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An Operating System acts as an interface between the user and the computer ______.
An Operating System acts as an interface between the user and the computer ______.
hardware
The most important part of the operating system is the ______.
The most important part of the operating system is the ______.
kernel
A computer system is divided into four components: hardware, application programs, operating system, and ______.
A computer system is divided into four components: hardware, application programs, operating system, and ______.
users
The central processing unit (CPU), memory, and I/O devices are part of the computer system's ______.
The central processing unit (CPU), memory, and I/O devices are part of the computer system's ______.
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Application programs like word processors and web browsers use computing resources to solve users' ______.
Application programs like word processors and web browsers use computing resources to solve users' ______.
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Operating systems control hardware and coordinate its use among various ______.
Operating systems control hardware and coordinate its use among various ______.
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Each device controller in an operating system is understood by its associated ______.
Each device controller in an operating system is understood by its associated ______.
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In a typical computer system, the ______ is usually the only program running at all times.
In a typical computer system, the ______ is usually the only program running at all times.
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Main Memory is also called ______ or Random-Access Memory.
Main Memory is also called ______ or Random-Access Memory.
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All forms of memory provide an array of ______.
All forms of memory provide an array of ______.
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The instruction that moves a byte from main memory to an internal register is the ______ instruction.
The instruction that moves a byte from main memory to an internal register is the ______ instruction.
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An Operating system manages resources such as CPU, memory space, file-storage space, and ______ devices.
An Operating system manages resources such as CPU, memory space, file-storage space, and ______ devices.
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A ______ is a program in execution.
A ______ is a program in execution.
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The execution of a process must be ______.
The execution of a process must be ______.
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A program is a passive entity, whereas a ______ is an active entity.
A program is a passive entity, whereas a ______ is an active entity.
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In addition to physical resources, a process may also receive various initialization ______.
In addition to physical resources, a process may also receive various initialization ______.
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A process is the unit of work in a ______.
A process is the unit of work in a ______.
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The operating system is responsible for creating and deleting both user and system ______.
The operating system is responsible for creating and deleting both user and system ______.
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Main Memory is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and ______ devices.
Main Memory is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and ______ devices.
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To improve CPU utilization and response speed, computers must keep several programs in ______.
To improve CPU utilization and response speed, computers must keep several programs in ______.
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The operating system allocates and de-allocates ______ space as needed.
The operating system allocates and de-allocates ______ space as needed.
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File Management is one of the most visible components of an operating ______.
File Management is one of the most visible components of an operating ______.
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A file is a collection of related ______ defined by its creator.
A file is a collection of related ______ defined by its creator.
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Data files may be numeric, alphabetic, alphanumeric or ______.
Data files may be numeric, alphabetic, alphanumeric or ______.
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Files may be free-form like text files or formatted rigidly such as ______ file format.
Files may be free-form like text files or formatted rigidly such as ______ file format.
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The operating system is responsible for creating and deleting ______.
The operating system is responsible for creating and deleting ______.
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Most modern computer systems use ______ and NVM devices as the principal on-line storage media.
Most modern computer systems use ______ and NVM devices as the principal on-line storage media.
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Caching is an important principle in computer ______.
Caching is an important principle in computer ______.
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The operating system is responsible for ______ and un-mounting.
The operating system is responsible for ______ and un-mounting.
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Careful selection of the cache size and of a ______ policy can result in greatly increased performance.
Careful selection of the cache size and of a ______ policy can result in greatly increased performance.
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Secondary storage must be used ______ to ensure the speed of operation of a computer.
Secondary storage must be used ______ to ensure the speed of operation of a computer.
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The operating system performs storage ______ to manage how space on the disk is allocated.
The operating system performs storage ______ to manage how space on the disk is allocated.
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The I/O subsystem consists of several components, including a memory-management component that includes buffering, caching, and ______.
The I/O subsystem consists of several components, including a memory-management component that includes buffering, caching, and ______.
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A batch operating system does not interact with the computer directly; an ______ is present to group similar jobs into batches.
A batch operating system does not interact with the computer directly; an ______ is present to group similar jobs into batches.
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Multiprogramming operating systems allow more than one program to reside in ______ at the same time.
Multiprogramming operating systems allow more than one program to reside in ______ at the same time.
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A ______ operating system uses more than one CPU to execute processes.
A ______ operating system uses more than one CPU to execute processes.
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The multitasking operating system is a type of multiprogramming operating system that has a facility for a ______ Scheduling Algorithm.
The multitasking operating system is a type of multiprogramming operating system that has a facility for a ______ Scheduling Algorithm.
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In an I/O system, the ______ hides the peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the user.
In an I/O system, the ______ hides the peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the user.
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Batch operating systems are designed to handle jobs that have the same ______.
Batch operating systems are designed to handle jobs that have the same ______.
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In multiprogramming, various jobs share ______ time.
In multiprogramming, various jobs share ______ time.
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Study Notes
What is an Operating System (OS)?
- An OS is a program that controls the execution of application programs.
- It acts as an interface between the user of a computer and the computer hardware.
- It manages the computer's hardware.
- The OS kernel is always running, and all other programs are application programs.
- The kernel is the most important part of the OS, acting as the primary interface between the hardware and processes of a computer.
Components of a Computer System
- A computer system is divided into four main components: hardware, application programs, the operating system, and users.
- Hardware includes the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.
- Application programs are what the user interacts with, such as word processors, compilers, and web browsers.
- The OS controls the hardware and coordinates its use among applications for different users.
- Users are the individuals interacting with the computer system.
Storage Structure
- Computers typically run programs from rewritable memory called main memory (RAM).
- Main memory is a volatile storage device, meaning data is lost when power is off.
- Main memory is implemented using DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory) technology.
- Every byte in memory has its own address.
- The CPU uses load and store instructions to move data between main memory and internal registers.
Resource Management in OS
- The OS acts as a resource manager, managing the system's CPU, memory, file storage space and I/O devices.
- Key resource management activities are process management, memory management, file-system management, mass-storage management, cache management, and I/O system management.
Process Management
- A process is a program in execution.
- Processes require resources such as CPU time, memory, files, and I/O devices.
- The OS is responsible for creating and deleting processes, scheduling them on the CPU, suspending and resuming them, and providing mechanisms for process synchronization and communication.
Memory Management
- Main memory is the primary storage for data shared by the CPU and I/O devices.
- The OS manages memory to improve CPU utilization and system responsiveness.
- Memory management involves keeping track of memory usage, allocating and deallocating memory, and deciding which processes and data should be loaded or removed from memory.
File-System Management
- File management is a visible component of the OS.
- A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator.
- The OS manages files by creating and deleting them, organizing them into directories, supporting file and directory manipulation primitives, mapping files onto mass storage, and backing up files on stable storage media.
Mass-Storage Management
- HDDs and NVMs are commonly used for storing programs and data.
- The OS is responsible for managing mass storage by mounting and un-mounting devices, managing free space, allocating storage, scheduling disk operations, partitioning disks, and implementing protection mechanisms.
Cache Management
- Caching is used to improve system performance by storing frequently accessed information in a faster storage system.
- Cache management is a design problem focused on selecting cache size and implementing a replacement policy.
I/O System Management
- The OS hides hardware device peculiarities from the user.
- The I/O subsystem consists of memory management components (buffering, caching, spooling), a device-driver interface, and specific device drivers.
Types of Operating Systems
- Batch Operating System: Groups similar jobs into batches, does not interact directly with the computer.
- Multiprogramming Operating System: Allows multiple programs to reside in memory and share CPU time.
- Multiprocessing Operating System: Uses multiple CPUs for execution, enhancing performance.
- Multitasking Operating System: Allows multiple programs to run simultaneously using Round-Robin Scheduling, a multiprogramming system with scheduling capabilities.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of operating systems, including their definition, components, and the role they play in managing computer hardware and software applications. It also highlights the critical functions of the OS kernel in facilitating user interaction with computer systems.
