Operating Systems Overview
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What is a key feature of single-user, multi-tasking operating systems?

  • They are designed for multiple users to access simultaneously.
  • They require advanced hardware for efficient operation.
  • They have limited user interaction capabilities.
  • They can execute multiple programs at once. (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a limitation of low system requirement operating systems?

  • Limited hardware support
  • Limited user interaction
  • Limited multitasking capabilities
  • Limited file creation and deletion features (correct)

    • Which operating system is an example of a single-user, multi-tasking OS?

  • Windows XP (correct)
  • Kali Linux
  • Windows Server
  • Ubuntu

    • What principle does a device handler follow to manage requests?

    <p>First-In-First-Out (FIFO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of single-user, multi-tasking operating systems?

    <p>They improve multitasking capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following systems allows only one user to access the computer at a time?

    <p>Single-User, Multi-Tasking OS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of multi-user operating system mentioned?

    <p>Multi-core system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the operating system interacts with the hardware?

    <p>Kernel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling?

    <p>Preemptive scheduling results in higher context switching overhead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT typically used for process synchronization?

    <p>Databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scheduling algorithm does a newly arriving process wait for execution after currently running processes?

    <p>First-Come-First-Served</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does preemptive scheduling provide over non-preemptive scheduling?

    <p>Reduced risk of starvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scheduling algorithm prioritizes the shortest tasks first?

    <p>Shortest Job First</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism for inter-process communication?

    <p>Message Passing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major downside of non-preemptive scheduling?

    <p>Higher risk of starvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is used to synchronize access to shared resources?

    <p>Semaphores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the responsibilities of the parent process regarding child processes?

    <p>A parent process is responsible for creating child processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a process terminates voluntarily?

    <p>The operating system performs resource deallocation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT performed when a process is terminated by the operating system?

    <p>Finishing the process's assigned tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a parent process terminate a child process?

    <p>The child process encountered an unhandled exception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically released by the operating system upon process termination?

    <p>Memory and file descriptors allocated to the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Process ID (PID) when a process is terminated?

    <p>The PID is deallocated by the operating system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a resource that the operating system needs to close when a process terminates?

    <p>Threads spawned by the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the structure formed by parent and child processes?

    <p>A hierarchical tree of processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Process Control Block (PCB)?

    <p>To save and restore the state of processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique can help reduce the overhead of context switching?

    <p>Implementing multi-core processors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of context switching can be minimized to improve efficiency?

    <p>The context size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to increase the efficiency of context switching?

    <p>Increase the CPU clock speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes parallel processing in the context of optimizing context switching?

    <p>Breaking down a process into independent tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does restoring the new state of a process from its PCB involve?

    <p>Loading the saved program counter and registers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is NOT part of the context switching process?

    <p>Starting a new process before stopping the current one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can reducing the process size achieve in the context of context switching?

    <p>Decrease the overhead of context switching.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process counter point to?

    <p>The next instruction to be executed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is resource exceedance?

    <p>When a process requires more resources than available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the Process Control Block (PCB) stores the program counter?

    <p>Registers section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does resource overhead differ from resource exceedance?

    <p>Resource overhead is normal, while resource exceedance is an abnormal condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be part of the CPU scheduling information in the PCB?

    <p>The priority of the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are memory limits specified in the PCB?

    <p>The base address, limit address, and size of memory allocated to the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of preventative measures against resource exceedance?

    <p>Setting resource limits and quotas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stored in the PCB to manage file access control?

    <p>A list of open files associated with the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Single-User, Multi-Tasking OS

    • Allows a single user to access the computer, but can run multiple programs simultaneously
    • Examples include Windows 95, 98, and XP, macOS, and Linux
    • Key advantages:
      • Improved multitasking capabilities
      • Improved user interaction
    • Limitations:
      • Limited multitasking capabilities
      • Limited user interaction
      • Limited hardware support

    Kernel

    • Embedded in main memory, interacts with hardware
    • Written in a low-level language

    Processor

    • Central Processing Unit (CPU), the core of the computer

    Device Handler

    • Manages device requests
    • Operates in a continuous cycle
    • Follows the First-In-First-Out (FIFO) principle

    Spooler

    • Manages simultaneous peripheral output
    • Runs computer processes and outputs results

    User Interface

    • Creates a simple environment for users to interact with the computer system
    • Provides communication between users and hardware/software

    Multi-user Operating Systems

    • Distributed System
    • Time sliced system
    • Multiprocessor system
    • These systems allow multiple users to access the same system simultaneously

    Key Differences Between Preemptive and Non-Preemptive Scheduling

    • Preemptive scheduling: Interrupts a running process, while non-preemptive scheduling does not.
    • Fairness and Equity: Preemptive scheduling ensures these qualities, while non-preemptive scheduling can lead to starvation.
    • Context Switching Overhead: Preemptive scheduling has higher overhead, while non-preemptive scheduling has lower overhead.

    Process Scheduling Algorithms

    • First-Come-First-Served
    • Shortest Job First
    • Priority Scheduling
    • Round Robin
    • Multilevel Feedback Queue

    Resource Allocation

    • Assigning system resources such as memory, I/O devices, and CPU time to different processes

    Process Synchronization

    • Processes interact with each other through synchronization mechanisms:
      • Semaphores
      • Monitors
      • Message Passing

    Process Communication

    • Processes communicate with each other through various mechanisms:
      • Semaphores
      • Monitors
      • Message Passing

    Process Termination

    • A process can be voluntarily terminated, be terminated by another process, or be terminated by the operating system.
    • A parent process can terminate its child process.
    • Reasons for termination:
      • Process completion
      • Error or exception
      • Resource exceedance
      • User request
      • System shutdown
      • Parent process termination

    Parent Process Responsibilities

    • Creating the child process
    • Providing resources
    • Monitoring the child process

    Process Tree

    • A hierarchical structure where each child process can create its own child processes.

    Process Termination Cleanup Steps

    • Resource deallocation
    • Context switching
    • PID deallocation

    Resource Overhead and Resource Exceedance

    • Resource Overhead: The resources required to manage and maintain a system, process, or application.
    • Resource Exceedance: Occurs when a system, process, or application uses more resources than are available or allocated to it.

    Process Control Block (PCB)

    • Contains information about a process:
      • Process ID (PID)
      • Process state (running, waiting, ready)
      • Priority
      • Memory limits
      • List of open files
      • CPU scheduling information
      • Process counter (program counter)
      • Registers
      • Memory limits

    Context Switching

    • The process of saving the state of a running process and loading the state of another process.
    • Steps:
      • Save the current state
      • Restore the new state
      • Update the PCB
      • Switch to the new process

    Context Switching Optimization

    • Increase CPU resources:
      • Multi-core processors
      • Parallel processing
      • Increasing clock speed
    • Minimize context size:
      • Reducing process size

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of single-user and multi-user operating systems. It includes details on kernels, processors, device handlers, and user interfaces, as well as the advantages and limitations of each system. Test your knowledge on how these components interact within a computer system.

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