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Questions and Answers
What primary goal does an operating system serve?
What primary goal does an operating system serve?
Which component of a Linux operating system is responsible for the core functionality?
Which component of a Linux operating system is responsible for the core functionality?
What distinguishes Linux from UNIX?
What distinguishes Linux from UNIX?
Which of the following is NOT a commonly known Linux distribution?
Which of the following is NOT a commonly known Linux distribution?
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What is a characteristic of the shell in a Linux operating system?
What is a characteristic of the shell in a Linux operating system?
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Which of the following is true about Linux's file structure?
Which of the following is true about Linux's file structure?
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Which of the following statements about operating systems and application software is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about operating systems and application software is incorrect?
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What was a crucial development in the evolution of UNIX during the 1980s?
What was a crucial development in the evolution of UNIX during the 1980s?
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Study Notes
Operating Systems
- General Purpose Electronic Digital Computers use hardware and software
- Application software includes word processing, spreadsheets, databases, and graphics applications.
- System software includes operating systems, compilers, assemblers, editors, and debuggers.
- Operating System (OS) manages the entire computer system
- Examples of OS include MS-DOS, Windows 11, macOS 14, UNIX, Linux, Android, and iOS.
- Operating Systems provide a convenient working environment for:
- Users
- Programmers to create, organize, and manipulate files.
- Methods to interact with the operating system include Command Line Interface (CLI) and Graphical User Interface (GUI).
- OS also manages computer resources efficiently.
Brief History of UNIX
- The MULTICS project at MIT, in the early 1960s, was a precursor to UNIX
- The UNIX operating system was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1969 by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie.
- UNIX System Laboratory (USL) played a role in its development.
- Extensions and communication protocols (TCP/IP) at the University of California, Berkeley, shaped UNIX in later decades.
- Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) is a noticeable variant
- Popular versions of UNIX systems include AT&T System 5 Release 4 (SVR4), Sun OS, Solaris, AIX, HP-UX, and macOS.
- Linux was developed by Linus Torvalds in 1992.
UNIX/Linux
- Linux is a multi-user, time-sharing, and multi-tasking operating system.
- It is composed of a Kernel and a Shell.
- The Kernel is the core of the OS and handles most of the work. The shell acts as an interface.
- Popular shells include Bourne Shell, C shell, Korn Shell, TENEX C shell, and Bourne-again Shell (Bash).
- Key features include a hierarchical file structure with mountable files, support for I/O devices, a simple and expandable user interface, a powerful design geared toward programmers, portability, and wide availability of the open-source code.
- Linux is also a multi-platform OS.
- Linux is case-sensitive.
Simple Linux Commands
- date: Displays the current date and time.
- who: Lists currently logged-in users.
- whoami: Displays the current user's ID.
- logout: Logs the current user out.
- pwd: Prints the current working directory.
- mkdir <directory_name>: Creates a new directory.
- rmdir <directory_name>: Removes an empty directory.
- cd <directory_name>: Changes the current working directory.
- ls <directory_name>: Lists files and directories in a specific directory.
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chmod
<file_name>: Changes the file permissions. - Permissions are often expressed in octal. The first digit represents read, second digit write third digit execution. Example: 777 allows read, write, and execute for all users.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of operating systems, including their types, functions, and interaction methods. This quiz covers general-purpose software, the history of UNIX, and key examples like Windows and Linux. Test your knowledge on how these systems manage resources and provide user interfaces.
