10 Questions
What is the primary function of the Memory Management Unit (MMU) in an operating system?
To map virtual to physical addresses
What is the purpose of the relocation register in the MMU scheme?
To add an offset to every address generated by a user process
What is the result of adding the value in the base register to every address generated by a user process?
The address is dynamically reallocated to a new location
What is the main advantage of using paging in memory management?
It enables efficient use of physical memory
What is the role of the operating system in mapping logical addresses to physical addresses?
It is done by the operating system at the time of memory allocation
What is the term for the process of dividing physical memory into fixed-sized blocks?
Paging
What is the term for the blocks of logical memory that are divided into fixed-sized blocks?
Pages
What is the purpose of the page table in memory management?
To translate logical to physical addresses
What is the term for the phenomenon where a process is allocated more memory than it needs, resulting in wasted memory?
Internal fragmentation
What is the main goal of memory management in an operating system?
To allocate memory to processes efficiently
Study Notes
Process Management
- Resource Management: manages memory, I/O devices, and storage
- User Interfacing: facilitates user interaction with the system
- Security Protection: ensures system security and protection
Types of Operating Systems
Based on Users
- Single User: facilitates single user to use the system at a time
- Multi User: facilitates multiple users to use the system at a time
Based on Tasks
- Single Task: executes only one program at a time
- Multi Task: executes multiple programs at a time
Other Types
- Single user-single task: a single task is performed by one user at a time
- Single user-Multi task: several programs are run at the same time by a single user
- Multi user-Multi task: a multi-user operating system designed for more than one user to access the computer at the same or different time
- Multi-threading: a way to improve application performance through the parallel execution of sub-processes
- Real Time: designed to run applications with very precise timing and with a high degree of reliability
Time Sharing Systems
- Processor’s time is shared among multiple users/applications
- Provides quick response
- Reduces CPU idle time
File Management
- File: a named collection of related information, usually a sequence of bytes
- File types: need for file types with extensions (e.g., .exe, .jpg, .txt)
- Directory and file organization: file hierarchy, file systems (e.g., FAT)
- File security: passwords and access privileges
- File storage management: storage allocation, contiguous allocation, linked allocation, indexed allocation
- Defragmentation: reorganizing data on a storage device to improve performance
- Maintenance of secondary storage: disk formatting, storage allocation, and file security
Operating System Evolution
- No OS (late 1940s – mid 1950s): serial processing, single user system, programmer/user directly interacted with the hardware
- Simple Batch System: maximize processor utilization, introduce OS, and scheduling
- Multi-Programmed batch Systems: minimize processor idle time during I/O
- Time Sharing System: minimize response time, maximize user interaction, and enable concurrent execution of multiple programs
Learn about operating system concepts, including process management, resource management, user interfacing, and security protection. Explore different types of operating systems based on users and tasks.
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