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Questions and Answers
What is a primary function of an operating system?
What is a primary function of an operating system?
Which of the following best defines a container in the context of containerization?
Which of the following best defines a container in the context of containerization?
What role does a hypervisor play in virtualization?
What role does a hypervisor play in virtualization?
Which characteristic is NOT crucial for the performance of distributed systems?
Which characteristic is NOT crucial for the performance of distributed systems?
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What is the primary purpose of automation and scripting tools?
What is the primary purpose of automation and scripting tools?
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What is the primary function of a MAC Address in a local network?
What is the primary function of a MAC Address in a local network?
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Which of the following is NOT a key component of the Physical Layer?
Which of the following is NOT a key component of the Physical Layer?
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What analogy is used to explain data transmission over networks?
What analogy is used to explain data transmission over networks?
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What is the purpose of routing in a network?
What is the purpose of routing in a network?
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Which protocol is used for assigning IP addresses to devices in a network?
Which protocol is used for assigning IP addresses to devices in a network?
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Which of the following cabling standards is commonly used for Ethernet connections?
Which of the following cabling standards is commonly used for Ethernet connections?
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What does the term 'routable addresses' refer to?
What does the term 'routable addresses' refer to?
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What is the primary focus of safety in system operations?
What is the primary focus of safety in system operations?
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Which tactic involves creating duplicates to ensure operation in case of failure?
Which tactic involves creating duplicates to ensure operation in case of failure?
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What is the purpose of performing a sanity check?
What is the purpose of performing a sanity check?
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Which tactic helps to remove unnecessary computations in performance management?
Which tactic helps to remove unnecessary computations in performance management?
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What is a key point associated with energy efficiency?
What is a key point associated with energy efficiency?
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Which tactic is aimed at limiting potential repercussions of system failures?
Which tactic is aimed at limiting potential repercussions of system failures?
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What method is primarily used to restore a system to its previous state after a failure?
What method is primarily used to restore a system to its previous state after a failure?
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Which approach is effective for optimizing the performance of a system?
Which approach is effective for optimizing the performance of a system?
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What is a key tactic for managing resources to prevent bottlenecks?
What is a key tactic for managing resources to prevent bottlenecks?
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What is the primary purpose of an inode in a filesystem?
What is the primary purpose of an inode in a filesystem?
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How does fragmentation affect the performance of a file system?
How does fragmentation affect the performance of a file system?
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Which term describes the duplication of critical components to enhance reliability?
Which term describes the duplication of critical components to enhance reliability?
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What characterizes hyperthreading technology?
What characterizes hyperthreading technology?
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What is the difference between concurrency and parallelism?
What is the difference between concurrency and parallelism?
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What does the term IOPS measure?
What does the term IOPS measure?
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What is a key benefit of snapshots in a file system?
What is a key benefit of snapshots in a file system?
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Which of the following best describes multithreading?
Which of the following best describes multithreading?
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What does the mounting process in a filesystem achieve?
What does the mounting process in a filesystem achieve?
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Study Notes
Operating Systems
- Definition: Software managing hardware resources and providing services for computer programs.
- Functions: Memory management, process scheduling, and input/output handling.
- Types: Single-user, multi-user, real-time, and distributed.
Containerization
- Containers: Lightweight, portable units packaging applications and dependencies.
- Consistent environments across systems.
- Runtime software executes and manages containers (e.g., Docker).
- Images: Read-only templates with application code and dependencies, used to create containers.
Virtualization
- Hypervisor: Layer managing multiple virtual machines (VMs) on a single physical machine.
- VMs: Emulated computers, running OS and applications as physical machines.
Distributed Systems
- Definition: Components networked, communicating and coordinating via messages.
- Key Concepts: Scalability, reliability and resource management are crucial to system performance.
- Microservices: Architectural style structuring applications into loosely coupled services.
Infrastructure
- Definition: Underlying physical and virtual resources supporting applications and services.
- Management: Overseeing deployment, scaling, and maintenance of infrastructure components.
Automation and Scripting
- Automation tools and scripting languages (e.g., shell scripting) streamline processes, configurations, and deployment of applications..
Networking
- Protocols: Rules governing data communication over networks; essential for operation of distributed systems and cloud computing.
TCP/IP Model
- Framework for understanding network communication.
- Five Layers: Application, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical.
- Each layer has specific functions.
Operating Systems and Linux
- Definition: Software that manages computer hardware and software resources, providing a user interface.
- Kernel: Core of the OS managing system resources and communication between hardware and software.
- Shell: User interface for interacting with the OS using command-line input.
- Utilities: Tools for specific support tasks in user operations and system management.
- Random Access Memory (RAM): Type of volatile memory storing actively used data and instructions, allowing for fast read and write access.
- Addressing: RAM is structured with unique addresses (e.g., hexadecimal) for each location.
- Address Register: A register in the CPU holding the location address to be accessed.
- Process Management: An instance of a program running:
- Job, Thread, Task: Units of work scheduled for execution.
- Scheduling Algorithms: Techniques for managing process execution (e.g., First-Come, First-Served).
Memory Management
- Techniques for allocating memory (e.g., paging, segmentation).
- Virtual Memory: Allows execution of processes not entirely in memory.
Performance Metrics
- CPU Utilization: Achieving maximum CPU usage.
- Throughput: Number of processes completed within a given time.
- Turnaround Time: Total time a process takes to complete.
- Response Time: Time from request to first response.
Security and Permissions
- Mechanisms protecting against unauthorized access.
- Ensuring secure operation is key.
Distributed Systems
- Overview of managing resources across multiple systems.
- Emphasizing the importance of communication and coordination.
Networking Details
- Data Link Layer: Manages node-to-node data transfer and error detection/correction.
- Key Components: MAC addresses, switches for local network communication.
- Physical Layer: Handles the physical transmission of raw data over media (cables, signals).
- Cabling Standards and Line Coding: Techniques used for data transmission (e.g., Cat5 cables, 4B5B encoding).
Difficult Term Explanation
- Kernel: Central component managing system resources, enabling communication between hardware and software.
- Scheduling Algorithms: Methods used by the OS to determine the order of process execution (e.g., FCFS, Round-Robin).
- Paging and Segmentation: Memory management schemes that improve memory efficiency and eliminate the need for contiguous allocation.
- Multitasking: Ability of the operating system to perform multiple tasks simultaneously.
- Throughput: Number of processes completed within a given time frame.
- Context Switching: Storing and restoring the state of a CPU for multiple processes to share a single CPU resource efficiently.
- Real-Time Systems: Systems requiring timely processing and responses.
- Random Access Memory (RAM): A temporary storage for data and instructions the CPU uses during operation.
- Address Register: Register used for storing memory address in CPU.
Networking Protocols
- Routers: Networking devices connecting networks and managing traffic.
- Low Layer Protocols: Protocols operating between the physical and data link layers, handling transmission over physical mediums.
- Address Resolution Protocol ARP: Maps IP addresses to MAC addresses for device communication on the local network.
- Domain Name System (DNS): Translates domain names to IP addresses.
- HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP): Protocol for transferring web pages.
- Multicast: Data sent from one sender to multiple destinations simultaneously.
- Routing Protocols: Protocols used for determining efficient paths for data transfer across networks (e.g., RIP OSPF).
- Autonomous Systems (ASs): Large networks under single administrative control; they're crucial in Internet's structure and regulate IP address space.
- Interoperability: Ability of systems or networks to communicate and share resources.
- Broadcast vs. Unicast vs. Multicast: Methods of delivering messages across a network.
Apache Kafka
- Platform for high-throughput, fault-tolerant data processing.
- Components: Producers, Consumers, Brokers.
- Topics, Partitions, and Message Acknowledgment: Structure for efficient message handling and reliability.
- Replication and Fault Tolerance: strategies to ensure data availability and resilience.
Kubernetes
- Container orchestration platform for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.
- Components (e.g., Control Plane (API server, Scheduler, Controller Manager), Worker Plane (Nodes, Kubelet,Kube-Proxy)).
- Kubernetes Objects (e.g., Pods, Deployments, Services).
- Automation and Scaling: Features like autoscaling and cronjobs.
- Health Checks: Mechanism to ensure applications run healthily.
File Systems
- Different types and their use cases.
- Data structures for storing information about files and directors.
- How data is stored and recovered in different systems.
Protocols, and Related Concepts
- IP-Addressing (concepts like IP protocols).
- Port Binding (how applications communicate on network).
- Network Layers (layering).
- Software Development concepts.
- Protocol Stacks (stack organization, protocols involved).
Cache
- Definition: A smaller, faster type of memory holding copies of frequently accessed data from main memory.
- Levels of Cache.
- Hardware Cache, Operating System Cache and Software Cache.
Storage units
- Definition: Data storage technologies in computing systems including both volatile and non-volatile memory.
- Types: Primary (RAM) and Secondary (HDD, SSD).
- Detailed functionalities: How different technologies work, their speeds, and their capacity.
Security
- Key Points: Measures to safeguard systems against unauthorized access, threats.
- Tactics: Detection of attacks, containment, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and availability of systems.
Energy Efficiency
- Key Points: Optimize resource use to reduce energy consumption and operational costs.
- Tactics for Monitoring, Metering, Classification and Usage Reduction.
Modifiability
- Key Points: Ease of modification and change.
- Tactics for implementing new features, fixing errors, and performing upgrades.
Testing
- Key Points: Thoroughly testing the systems.
- Tactics for controlling and observing system state, simplifying interactions and limiting complexity
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts related to operating systems, containerization, virtualization, and distributed systems. Explore definitions, functions, and types that define modern computing environments. Challenge yourself to understand how these technologies interact and support applications.
