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Questions and Answers
What are the two types of services that operating systems provide?
What are the two types of services that operating systems provide?
Operating systems provide services for the user and services for the efficient operation of the system itself.
What are the three main user interface types?
What are the three main user interface types?
- Batch Interface (correct)
- Direct Interface
- Graphical User Interface (correct)
- Command-line (correct)
What is a command interpreter known as in systems with multiple command interpreters?
What is a command interpreter known as in systems with multiple command interpreters?
Shell
The main function of the command interpreter is to interpret and execute the next user-specified command.
The main function of the command interpreter is to interpret and execute the next user-specified command.
What interface is user-friendly and utilizes a desktop metaphor for interaction?
What interface is user-friendly and utilizes a desktop metaphor for interaction?
What are some examples of GUI interfaces?
What are some examples of GUI interfaces?
Touchscreen interfaces are designed to be used primarily with a mouse.
Touchscreen interfaces are designed to be used primarily with a mouse.
What is the programming interface to services provided by the operating system known as?
What is the programming interface to services provided by the operating system known as?
System calls are typically written in a high-level language, such as C or C++.
System calls are typically written in a high-level language, such as C or C++.
What is the name of the file descriptor parameter in the read function?
What is the name of the file descriptor parameter in the read function?
What are the 6 major categories of system calls?
What are the 6 major categories of system calls?
System programs provide a user-friendly environment for program development and execution.
System programs provide a user-friendly environment for program development and execution.
All system programs are equally complex and require a deep understanding of system calls and kernel functionality.
All system programs are equally complex and require a deep understanding of system calls and kernel functionality.
What are some of the categories that system programs are divided into?
What are some of the categories that system programs are divided into?
What is the name of the operating system structure that is designed to be simple and efficient?
What is the name of the operating system structure that is designed to be simple and efficient?
What are the three examples of operating systems that use the monolithic structure?
What are the three examples of operating systems that use the monolithic structure?
The layered approach to operating system structure relies on what concept?
The layered approach to operating system structure relies on what concept?
What is the name of the operating system structure that aims to move as much functionality as possible into user space?
What is the name of the operating system structure that aims to move as much functionality as possible into user space?
What are some benefits of a microkernel structure?
What are some benefits of a microkernel structure?
What is the primary drawback of a microkernel structure?
What is the primary drawback of a microkernel structure?
Most modern operating systems implement a loadable kernel module structure.
Most modern operating systems implement a loadable kernel module structure.
What is the approach used when operating systems combine different structures to address the specific needs?
What is the approach used when operating systems combine different structures to address the specific needs?
What operating system is considered a hybrid system due to its monolithic base and modular functionality?
What operating system is considered a hybrid system due to its monolithic base and modular functionality?
Mac OS X and iOS both use a hybrid system structure.
Mac OS X and iOS both use a hybrid system structure.
What is the name of the kernel used in Mac OS X?
What is the name of the kernel used in Mac OS X?
Android is based on the iOS kernel.
Android is based on the iOS kernel.
What are the libraries included in the Android runtime environment?
What are the libraries included in the Android runtime environment?
What is the name of the virtual machine used by Android?
What is the name of the virtual machine used by Android?
Apps developed for Android are typically written in Python.
Apps developed for Android are typically written in Python.
When the system is powered on, where does execution typically begin?
When the system is powered on, where does execution typically begin?
What is a bootstrap loader, and what is its function?
What is a bootstrap loader, and what is its function?
GRUB is a common bootstrap loader that supports the selection of a kernel from multiple disks and versions.
GRUB is a common bootstrap loader that supports the selection of a kernel from multiple disks and versions.
What is the state of the system after the kernel has been loaded?
What is the state of the system after the kernel has been loaded?
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne wrote "Operating System Concepts" 9th Edition.
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne wrote "Operating System Concepts" 9th Edition.
What are the two types of services provided by operating systems?
What are the two types of services provided by operating systems?
What are the three common user interface types for operating systems?
What are the three common user interface types for operating systems?
What is the name given to the program that interprets and runs commands entered by the user in a command-line interface?
What is the name given to the program that interprets and runs commands entered by the user in a command-line interface?
What is the primary metaphor used in a graphical user interface?
What is the primary metaphor used in a graphical user interface?
The original UNIX operating system had extensive structuring and was not limited by hardware functionality.
The original UNIX operating system had extensive structuring and was not limited by hardware functionality.
Which of these is NOT a common API used for accessing operating system services?
Which of these is NOT a common API used for accessing operating system services?
What is the primary function of a system call?
What is the primary function of a system call?
Which of these is NOT a typical category of system calls?
Which of these is NOT a typical category of system calls?
System programs are always simple user interfaces to system calls.
System programs are always simple user interfaces to system calls.
Which operating system structure is characterized by its simple structure, often used for early operating systems like MS-DOS?
Which operating system structure is characterized by its simple structure, often used for early operating systems like MS-DOS?
Which operating system structure is known for its modularity, allowing for flexible expansion and separation of responsibilities?
Which operating system structure is known for its modularity, allowing for flexible expansion and separation of responsibilities?
Which operating system structure is characterized by a small kernel that primarily handles essential functions, communicating with other modules through message passing?
Which operating system structure is characterized by a small kernel that primarily handles essential functions, communicating with other modules through message passing?
Modern operating systems rarely adopt a single, strictly defined structure and instead use a combination of structures, resulting in a hybrid system.
Modern operating systems rarely adopt a single, strictly defined structure and instead use a combination of structures, resulting in a hybrid system.
What is the name of the firmware in ROM that holds the initial boot code for a computer system?
What is the name of the firmware in ROM that holds the initial boot code for a computer system?
What is the name of one popular bootstrap loader that allows selection of kernels from multiple disks and versions?
What is the name of one popular bootstrap loader that allows selection of kernels from multiple disks and versions?
Flashcards
Operating System Services
Operating System Services
Functions that help users and ensure system efficiency.
User Interface (UI)
User Interface (UI)
How users interact with the operating system.
Command-Line Interface (CLI)
Command-Line Interface (CLI)
Text-based interface where users type commands.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
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Batch Interface
Batch Interface
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Command Interpreter
Command Interpreter
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Shell
Shell
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System Calls
System Calls
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API
API
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Process Control
Process Control
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File Manipulation
File Manipulation
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Device Manipulation
Device Manipulation
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Information Maintenance
Information Maintenance
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Communications
Communications
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Protection
Protection
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System Programs
System Programs
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Monolithic Structure
Monolithic Structure
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Layered Structure
Layered Structure
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Microkernel Structure
Microkernel Structure
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Modules
Modules
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Hybrid Systems
Hybrid Systems
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System Boot
System Boot
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Bootstrap Loader
Bootstrap Loader
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What is an operating system?
What is an operating system?
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What are the two main types of operating system services?
What are the two main types of operating system services?
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What is a system call?
What is a system call?
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What are some common tasks handled by process control system calls?
What are some common tasks handled by process control system calls?
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What do file manipulation system calls do?
What do file manipulation system calls do?
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What are some examples of information maintenance system calls?
What are some examples of information maintenance system calls?
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Why are communications system calls important?
Why are communications system calls important?
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What is the role of protection system calls?
What is the role of protection system calls?
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What is a monolithic operating system structure?
What is a monolithic operating system structure?
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What is the layered operating system structure?
What is the layered operating system structure?
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What is a microkernel operating system structure?
What is a microkernel operating system structure?
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What are kernel modules?
What are kernel modules?
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What are hybrid operating system structures?
What are hybrid operating system structures?
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What is the role of firmware in system booting?
What is the role of firmware in system booting?
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What is a bootstrap loader?
What is a bootstrap loader?
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What is the purpose of the system boot process?
What is the purpose of the system boot process?
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What are the stages of a typical system boot process?
What are the stages of a typical system boot process?
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What happens after the kernel is loaded into memory during the booting process?
What happens after the kernel is loaded into memory during the booting process?
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What is a system call interface?
What is a system call interface?
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What is a system program?
What is a system program?
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What is a system call?
What is a system call?
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What is the role of a command interpreter?
What is the role of a command interpreter?
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What is the purpose of a shell?
What is the purpose of a shell?
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What is the difference between a user interface and a system call interface?
What is the difference between a user interface and a system call interface?
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What is the relationship between a system call and a system program?
What is the relationship between a system call and a system program?
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Study Notes
Operating System Structures - Chapter 2
- Operating systems provide an environment for program execution and services to users and other systems.
- Two main types of services are functions helpful to users, and functions for efficient system operation through resource sharing.
- User interfaces come in various forms, like command-line interfaces (CLI) using text commands, graphics user interfaces (GUI) for window systems, and batch interfaces for entering commands in files.
- System calls provide a programming interface to operating system services. These are often written in high-level languages like C or C++. They are typically accessed via application programming interfaces (APIs) instead of directly.
- Common APIs include Win32 (Windows), POSIX (UNIX-like systems), and Java (JVM).
- System calls can be categorized into process control, file manipulation, device manipulation, information maintenance, communication, and protection functions. Examples of Windows system calls include CreateProcess() and ExitProcess(). Unix equivalents include fork() and exit().
- System programs make program development and execution easier, either acting as simple interfaces to system calls, or as complex programs like file manipulation tools, programming language support, program loading and execution, communications, and background services. These are the tools users typically see and interact with.
- Operating system structures include monolithic structures (e.g., MS-DOS), layered structures, microkernels (e.g., Mach), and hybrid structures.
Monolithic Structure (MS-DOS)
- Designed for maximum functionality in minimal space.
- Limited by underlying hardware.
- Not divided into separate modules.
- Interfaces and functionality levels are not well divided.
Monolithic Structure (UNIX)
- Consists of separate parts: a kernel and system programs.
- The kernel sits below the system call interface and contains the core operating system functionality, including file systems, CPU scheduling, memory management.
- System programs provide tools for user interaction and integration with the OS (shells, compilers).
Layered Approach
- Divides the operating system into layers built upon each other, with the lowest level representing the hardware.
- Higher layers rely on lower layers for functionality, establishing an abstraction hierarchy.
Microkernel Structure
- The kernel is minimally sized.
- Most functions are handled in user space, reducing the core's criticality.
- Communication between different parts takes place using message passing.
- Benefits include: extendability, portability, reliability, and security.
- Performance overhead is often a drawback.
Modular (Loadable Kernel Modules)
- Modern systems use modular structures similar to layers in design, but more flexible.
- Components are loaded and unloaded as needed.
Hybrid Systems
- Combine aspects of different structural approaches to address performance, security, and usability issues.
- Linux is an example, combining monolithic and modular aspects for efficient program loading and kernel extension.
- Other examples include Mac OS X and iOS, Android. These often incorporate numerous frameworks that interact with the basic kernel operations.
System Boot Process
- System execution begins at a fixed memory location after power-on.
- Initial boot code resides in firmware ROM (or EEPROM).
- A bootstrap loader, part of the firmware, loads the kernel into memory and starts it.
- A common boot loader like GRUB allows selecting kernel versions and options.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of operating system structures through this quiz. Learn about user interfaces, system calls, and the various services provided by operating systems for program execution and resource sharing. Test your knowledge of APIs and their role in the operating system environment.
