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Questions and Answers
What is a program called when its instructions are being executed by a CPU?
Why does the operating system need to manage processes and resources efficiently?
What is the main reason why some resources need to be executed by only one process at a time?
In the context of the operating system, what term is heavily favored over 'job' for a program in execution?
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Why might multiple processes in a system require the same resource simultaneously?
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What scheduling algorithm gives the minimum average waiting time for a set of processes?
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In SJF scheduling, what does the priority represent?
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What is the characteristic of Round Robin Scheduling?
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Which scheduling algorithm is designed for interactive systems?
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What defines the order of execution in Priority based scheduling?
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Which scheduling algorithm involves a cyclic execution of processes?
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What happens to a process in Round Robin Scheduling if it doesn't complete its execution during the assigned time quantum?
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What type of systems is Round Robin Scheduling specifically designed for?
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Which scheduling algorithm allocates the CPU to the process with the highest priority?
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What does SJF stand for in Shortest-Job-First Scheduling?
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Study Notes
Selection Process in Scheduling
- Carried out by appropriate schedulers to manage job execution in a system.
Types of Schedulers
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Short Term Scheduler (CPU Scheduler):
- Selects jobs from the ready queue and dispatches them to the CPU for execution.
- Utilizes scheduling algorithms to choose the next job.
- Critical role; a job with high CPU burst time can cause delays for subsequent jobs.
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Medium Term Scheduler:
- Manages swapped out processes and changes states between running and waiting.
- Removes processes from running state to accommodate other processes, facilitating swapping.
- Responsible for suspending (temporarily halting) and resuming processes.
Process Timing Definitions
- Arrival Time: The moment a process enters the ready queue.
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Burst Time: Total CPU time required for a process's completion, excluding waiting time.
- When an I/O operation is requested, the short term scheduler saves the process context and transitions it from running to waiting.
Scheduling Algorithms
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First-Come, First-Serve (FCFS):
- Simplest scheduling algorithm.
- Processes are executed in the order of their arrival time.
- Non-preemptive scheduling where a running process cannot be interrupted.
- Characteristics:
- Maximum CPU utilization.
- Fair CPU allocation.
- High throughput.
- Lower turnaround time, waiting time, and response time.
-
Shortest-Job-First (SJF) Scheduling:
- Each process is assigned the length of its next CPU burst for scheduling.
- Two variants:
- Non-Preemptive: Once a process is allocated CPU, it runs to completion.
- Preemptive: A new process with a shorter CPU burst can interrupt the currently running process.
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Description
Learn about how an operating system manages processes and resources efficiently to accomplish tasks. Understand the concept of a process, resource allocation, and the role of the CPU in executing program instructions.
