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Questions and Answers
What is a process in the context of an operating system?
What is a process in the context of an operating system?
- A passive file stored on disk
- A collection of computer code
- An active program in execution (correct)
- A type of computer architecture
What is the main difference between a program and a process?
What is the main difference between a program and a process?
- Programs execute system code, while processes execute user code
- Programs consist of CPU bursts, while processes consist of I/O bursts
- Programs are stored on disk, while processes are active entities (correct)
- Programs can execute concurrently, while processes cannot
In what way do processes alternate during execution?
In what way do processes alternate during execution?
- Between CPU bursts and I/O bursts (correct)
- Between disk storage and memory storage
- Between instruction fetch and data execution
- Between user code and system code
What is the role of CPU (or CPUs) in relation to processes?
What is the role of CPU (or CPUs) in relation to processes?
What does a process consist of, in terms of CPU and I/O bursts?
What does a process consist of, in terms of CPU and I/O bursts?
How are programs and processes related in an operating system?
How are programs and processes related in an operating system?
What is the purpose of a process control block (PCB) in an operating system?
What is the purpose of a process control block (PCB) in an operating system?
Which state does a process enter when it is waiting for the operating system to assign a processor to it?
Which state does a process enter when it is waiting for the operating system to assign a processor to it?
What type of memory contains the temporary data such as method/function parameters, return address, and local variables?
What type of memory contains the temporary data such as method/function parameters, return address, and local variables?
What represents the current activity of a process and includes the contents of the processor's registers?
What represents the current activity of a process and includes the contents of the processor's registers?
Which section of a process contains global and static variables?
Which section of a process contains global and static variables?
What does the CPU registers include in a process control block (PCB)?
What does the CPU registers include in a process control block (PCB)?
In which state is a process when it is being created?
In which state is a process when it is being created?
What is the purpose of memory management information in a process control block (PCB)?
What is the purpose of memory management information in a process control block (PCB)?
Which section of a process includes the current activity represented by the value of Program Counter and the contents of the processor's registers?
Which section of a process includes the current activity represented by the value of Program Counter and the contents of the processor's registers?
Which type of memory includes dynamically allocated memory to a process during its runtime?
Which type of memory includes dynamically allocated memory to a process during its runtime?
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Study Notes
Process in Operating Systems
- A process is an active instance of a program that is being executed by the CPU.
- Key distinction: A program is a static set of instructions stored on disk, while a process is a program in execution, encompassing its current state and resources.
Execution of Processes
- Processes alternate execution through time-sharing, allowing multiple processes to run concurrently on a single processor.
- Context switching occurs when the CPU switches from executing one process to another, enabling multitasking.
Role of CPUs
- CPUs handle process execution by fetching and executing instructions from processes, managing the allocation of processing time efficiently.
Process Composition
- A process consists of CPU bursts (periods of execution on the CPU) and I/O bursts (periods of waiting for input/output operations).
Relationship Between Programs and Processes
- Programs serve as templates for processes; one program can generate multiple processes that share the same code but have different states.
Process Control Block (PCB)
- PCB is a data structure used by the operating system to store essential information about a process including its current state, process ID, CPU registers, and memory management info.
Process States
- A process enters a "waiting" state when it is ready to run but waiting for the operating system to allocate CPU resources.
Temporary Data in Memory
- Stack memory holds temporary data such as method/function parameters, return addresses, and local variables during execution.
Current Activity Representation
- The current activity of a process is represented by the Program Counter (PC) value and the contents of the processor's registers.
Global and Static Variables
- The data segment of a process contains global and static variables which remain accessible throughout the process's lifespan.
CPU Registers in PCB
- CPU registers included in a PCB store critical information necessary for resuming the process, including the Program Counter and processor state.
Creation State of a Process
- A process is in a "new" state during its creation phase, indicating that it is being initialized before execution begins.
Memory Management Info in PCB
- Memory management information within a PCB includes data on memory allocation, including the process's allocated segments and sizes.
Current Activity and Registers
- The section of a process that reflects current activity includes the Program Counter (PC) and the processor's register contents, detailing next instructions to execute.
Dynamically Allocated Memory
- Heap memory is used for dynamically allocated memory during a process's runtime, allowing for flexible memory management as needed.
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