Podcast
Questions and Answers
What system call does a process use to request deletion once it has completed execution?
What system call does a process use to request deletion once it has completed execution?
- delete()
- terminate()
- exit() (correct)
- close()
What role does a client-side stub play in remote procedure calls?
What role does a client-side stub play in remote procedure calls?
- It marshals parameters and locates the server. (correct)
- It acts as a proxy for the server's procedure.
- It sends messages directly to the client.
- It performs the actual procedure on the server.
When a parent process terminates, what typically happens to its child processes in certain operating systems?
When a parent process terminates, what typically happens to its child processes in certain operating systems?
- Child processes enter a suspended state.
- Child processes are automatically terminated. (correct)
- Child processes are promoted to parent processes.
- Child processes continue executing independently.
Which of the following accurately describes ordinary pipes?
Which of the following accurately describes ordinary pipes?
Which type of process in Google Chrome is responsible for rendering web pages and handling HTML and Javascript?
Which type of process in Google Chrome is responsible for rendering web pages and handling HTML and Javascript?
What system call might a parent process use to abort a child process?
What system call might a parent process use to abort a child process?
What programming language specification is used to compile stub code in Windows?
What programming language specification is used to compile stub code in Windows?
Which characteristic does NOT relate to named pipes?
Which characteristic does NOT relate to named pipes?
Why might a parent process terminate its child processes using the abort() system call?
Why might a parent process terminate its child processes using the abort() system call?
In remote procedure calls, what occurs after the server-side stub receives a message?
In remote procedure calls, what occurs after the server-side stub receives a message?
What is the primary role of a parent process in process creation?
What is the primary role of a parent process in process creation?
In process creation, what does 'pid' stand for?
In process creation, what does 'pid' stand for?
What execution option indicates that a parent process waits for its children to terminate?
What execution option indicates that a parent process waits for its children to terminate?
Which system call is used to create a new process in UNIX?
Which system call is used to create a new process in UNIX?
What can children processes do regarding the resources of their parent process?
What can children processes do regarding the resources of their parent process?
What happens to the address space of a child process during creation?
What happens to the address space of a child process during creation?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between parent and child processes?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between parent and child processes?
What is the role of the exec() system call after a fork() in UNIX?
What is the role of the exec() system call after a fork() in UNIX?
What is the primary purpose of scheduler activations?
What is the primary purpose of scheduler activations?
In Windows threading, what component is used to represent the state of a processor for a thread?
In Windows threading, what component is used to represent the state of a processor for a thread?
Which statement accurately describes Linux threads?
Which statement accurately describes Linux threads?
What do the private data storage areas in Windows threads typically hold?
What do the private data storage areas in Windows threads typically hold?
What best describes the nature of thread stacks in Windows?
What best describes the nature of thread stacks in Windows?
What is the primary role of the short-term scheduler in a process scheduling system?
What is the primary role of the short-term scheduler in a process scheduling system?
Which of the following describes an I/O-bound process?
Which of the following describes an I/O-bound process?
What does the context of a process represent in a process control block (PCB)?
What does the context of a process represent in a process control block (PCB)?
What is the main purpose of maintaining scheduling queues in a CPU scheduling system?
What is the main purpose of maintaining scheduling queues in a CPU scheduling system?
How does a long-term scheduler differ from a short-term scheduler?
How does a long-term scheduler differ from a short-term scheduler?
What is one consequence of complex operating systems during context switching?
What is one consequence of complex operating systems during context switching?
Which type of queue contains processes waiting for an I/O device?
Which type of queue contains processes waiting for an I/O device?
What information does accounting information track in process management?
What information does accounting information track in process management?
What is the significance of the ready queue in a process scheduling system?
What is the significance of the ready queue in a process scheduling system?
What must occur during a context switch between processes?
What must occur during a context switch between processes?
Study Notes
Operating System Fundamentals
- The program counter indicates the location of the next instruction to execute.
- CPU registers hold all process-centric register contents.
Process Management
- CPU scheduling information includes priorities and scheduling queue pointers.
- Memory-management information details the memory allocated to each process.
- Accounting information tracks CPU usage, elapsed time, and time limits.
- I/O status information provides details on allocated I/O devices and open files.
Process Scheduling
- Enhances CPU utilization by quickly switching processes for time-sharing.
- The process scheduler selects which process to execute next and manages scheduling queues.
- Job queue contains all processes in the system.
- Ready queue consists of processes in main memory, ready, and waiting to execute.
- Device queues house processes waiting for an I/O device, with processes migrating among queues.
Types of Schedulers
- Short-term scheduler (CPU scheduler) selects the next process to execute; invoked frequently and must be efficient.
- Long-term scheduler (job scheduler) determines which processes to bring into the ready queue; invoked less frequently and can be slower.
- Process types:
- I/O-bound processes spend more time in I/O; have many short CPU bursts.
- CPU-bound processes focus on computations; have few lengthy CPU bursts.
- Long-term scheduler seeks a balanced mix of process types.
Context Switching
- Occurs when the CPU switches to another process, requiring the saving of the old process's state.
- The process context is represented in the Process Control Block (PCB).
- Context-switch time entails overhead; system does no productive work during this time.
- Hardware support can influence context switch efficiency, with some CPUs offering multiple register sets.
Process Operations
- The operating system provides mechanisms for:
- Process creation.
- Process termination.
Process Creation
- Parent processes create child processes, forming a hierarchical tree structure.
- Each process is identified by a unique process identifier (pid).
- Resource-sharing options include:
- Full sharing among parent and children.
- Partial sharing of resources.
- No shared resources.
- Execution options may vary; parents and children can run concurrently or the parent can wait for the children to finish.
Tree of Processes Example (Linux)
- Init process (pid = 1) is at the root.
- Example child processes include login, kthreadd, and sshd.
Process Address Space
- Child processes typically duplicate the parent's address space.
- The
fork()system call creates new processes;exec()replaces a process's memory space with a new program.
Process Termination
- Processes terminate by executing the last statement and using the
exit()system call, returning status data to the parent. - Resources are deallocated by the operating system.
- Parents can terminate child processes using the
abort()system call under certain conditions:- Resource allocation exceeded.
- The task is no longer needed.
- Parent termination dictates child termination policies.
Multiprocess Architecture in Web Browsers
- Google Chrome operates as a multiprocess application, managing separate browser and renderer processes to enhance stability and performance.
- Renderer processes handle page rendering and JavaScript.
Remote Procedure Calls (RPC)
- RPC abstracts procedure calls between networked processes, utilizing client-server architecture.
- Stubs allow client-side and server-side communication through marshalled parameters.
Pipes for Inter-Process Communication
- Pipes facilitate communication between processes, offering unidirectional or bidirectional options.
- Ordinary pipes require a parent-child relationship; named pipes do not.
Windows Threading Model
- Windows implements a one-to-one mapping for threads within the Windows API.
- Each thread has a unique ID, register set, and separate user/kernel stacks.
Linux Threading Model
- Linux refers to threads as tasks; creation is performed using the
clone()system call, allowing for shared address space.
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Description
Test your understanding of key operating system concepts including program counters, CPU registers, and memory management. This quiz covers essential elements such as scheduling, accounting information, and I/O status, crucial for optimizing system performance.
