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Questions and Answers
What is Respondent Behavior?
What is Respondent Behavior?
Unlearned responses based on genetic endowment, serving to regulate and protect the organism.
What determines the rate of Respondent Behavior?
What determines the rate of Respondent Behavior?
The rate of the eliciting stimulus.
What is Skinner's Three-term Contingency?
What is Skinner's Three-term Contingency?
What did B.F. Skinner discover in 1938?
What did B.F. Skinner discover in 1938?
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What is Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)?
What is Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)?
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What is a Stimulus?
What is a Stimulus?
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What is the role of an Antecedent Stimulus?
What is the role of an Antecedent Stimulus?
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What is a Consequence in operant behavior?
What is a Consequence in operant behavior?
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How is Operant Behavior defined?
How is Operant Behavior defined?
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What does Ontogeny refer to?
What does Ontogeny refer to?
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What does the Thorndike Law of Effect state?
What does the Thorndike Law of Effect state?
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What is a Primary Unconditioned Reinforcer?
What is a Primary Unconditioned Reinforcer?
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Study Notes
Respondent Behavior
- Unlearned responses shaped by genetic factors, serving to regulate and protect organisms.
- Conditioned and altered through experience; consistent across species.
- Examples include blinking, salivating, and pupil reactions.
- Response rate is tied to the frequency of the eliciting stimulus; responses do not occur without the stimulus.
Skinner's Discovery
- Introduced the concept of the Three-term Contingency: Antecedent → Behavior → Consequence.
- Behavior is influenced by environmental factors, shaping learning processes.
B.F. Skinner
- Renowned psychologist (1904-1990), pioneered operant conditioning in 1938 at Harvard.
- Demonstrated how behavior can be influenced and modified by environmental factors.
Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)
- Differentiates between respondent (reflex) and operant behavior (impacted by consequences).
- Established a methodological framework for behavioral studies.
Stimulus
- Defined as any condition or event in the environment (e.g., light, sound, texture).
- Stimuli can influence behavior differently, possessing physical properties.
- Occurs in relation to target behavior, before, during, and after the response.
Antecedent Stimulus
- Also known as an antecedent, it "sets the occasion" for a response in operant conditioning.
- Example: A professor asking a question creates an opportunity for student engagement.
Consequence
- Refers to outcomes following behavior; impacts future behavior.
- Reinforcer (SR) increases future behavior; can be positive or negative.
- Punisher (SP) decreases future behavior; can also be positive or negative.
Operant Behavior
- Defined as behaviors that produce consequences in the environment.
- Dynamic in nature, responding to shifts in environmental conditions.
- Influenced significantly by personal (ontogenic) history.
Ontogeny
- Development of behavior shaped predominantly by environmental factors.
- Example: Young seagulls learning to hunt through experience.
Operant Behavior Example
- Interaction with a professor leads to an increase in hand-raising when reinforced by attention.
- Demonstrates the principle of reinforcement enhancing future behavior.
A,B,C Model
- Represents the relationship: Stimulus (A) → Response (B) → Reinforcement (C).
- Facilitates understanding of behavior modification.
Operant Conditioning
- The process of manipulating consequences to alter behavior.
- Involves direct relationships between stimulus, response, and resultant outcomes.
Free Operant
- Refers to behaviors that can occur at any time, requiring minimal time to complete.
- Examples include social behaviors and reading.
Restricted Operant
- Rates of occurrence controlled by available opportunities to respond.
- Commonly seen in structured activities like tests and flashcard games.
Respondent vs. Operant Behavior
- Respondent behavior is elicited by antecedents and has biological origins.
- Operant behavior is influenced by consequences and is under the control of discriminative stimuli.
Behavior Description
- Two main descriptors: Topography (physical form) and Function (impact on the environment).
Thorndike's Law of Effect
- Illustrates trial-and-error learning: a hungry cat increasingly escapes a box when motivated by food outside.
- Reinforces the principle that successful behaviors are repeated.
Stimulus Class
- A group of antecedent stimuli that elicit the same response from an organism.
Respondent Class
- General category for behaviors that produce consequences within the environment.
Primary Unconditioned Reinforcer
- Biological stimuli/events that inherently function as reinforcers without prior learning.
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Description
Explore the concepts of operant behavior with these flashcards. Each card provides key terms and definitions to help you understand basic psychological principles. Ideal for students looking to reinforce their knowledge of operant conditioning.
