Questions and Answers
What is functional analysis?
What does the structural approach classify behavior by?
Its form or topography.
What does topography refer to?
The physical form or characteristics of the response.
What does the history of reinforcement refer to?
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Respondent behavior is regulated by a conditioned stimulus.
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Elicited behavior occurs spontaneously.
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What is an operant?
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What is the purpose of a response class?
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What does context of behavior refer to?
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An establishing operation (EO) increases the __________ of reinforcers supporting operant behavior.
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An abolishing operation increases the effectiveness of behavioral consequences.
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What is the dependent variable in an experiment?
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What is replication in research?
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What is steady-state performance?
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What does trend indicate in baseline data?
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Hypothetical constructs can be directly observed.
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Match the following concepts with their definitions:
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Study Notes
Functional Analysis
- Examines behavior based on its products or consequences.
- Two primary behavior types: operant and respondent.
- Respondent behavior: Elicited by a stimulus (CS), occurs due to preceding events.
- Operant behavior: Emitted and occurs spontaneously; its frequency is influenced by subsequent consequences.
Structural Approach
- Behavior classified by form or topography.
- Focus on what individuals do at specific developmental stages.
- Structure of behavior reflects underlying intellectual development.
Topography
- Refers to the physical characteristics of a response.
- E.g., a rat pressing a lever with different paws; influenced by reinforcement contingencies.
History of Reinforcement
- Includes all reinforcement contingencies an organism has encountered throughout its life.
- This history shapes behavior changes in response to those contingencies.
Respondent Behavior
- Changes in behavior through presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS).
- Notation: CS → CR (CS causes a conditioned response).
Elicited vs. Emitted Behavior
- Elicited behavior: Triggered by stimuli, occurs reliably.
- Emitted behavior: Occurs with some probability in response to discriminative stimuli without being forced.
Operant Behavior
- Operates on the environment to produce changes.
- Its occurrence depends on previous reinforcement experiences and settings.
Response Class
- Includes all forms of performance that serve a similar function.
- Physical resemblance is not necessary; responses can be varied yet functionally similar.
Response Hierarchy
- Reflects the probability of response forms within a class based on reinforcement likelihood.
- For example, shouting may become more reinforced than quiet talking at the dinner table.
Environment
- Includes all stimuli affecting behavior, both external and internal (thoughts, hormonal changes).
Stimulus Function
- An event's occurrence may modify behavior.
- Both respondent and operant conditioning create stimulus functions; a tone can elicit salivation after conditioning.
Reinforcers
- Positive reinforcers: Stimuli that increase operant probability when presented.
- Negative reinforcers: Stimuli that increase operant probability by removing or preventing negative conditions.
Establishing and Abolishing Operations
- Establishing Operation (EO): Increases reinforcement effectiveness and the occurrence of previously reinforced behavior.
- Abolishing Operation (AO): Decreases the effectiveness of reinforcement and reduces behavior previously reinforced.
Research Variables
- Dependent Variable: The behavior measured; reflects the organism's response (e.g., rate of occurrence).
- Independent Variable: The manipulated factor in an experiment.
A-B-A-B Reversal Design
- Basic single-subject research method to establish behavioral regulation by environmental manipulation.
- Consists of baseline (A), treatment (B), returning to baseline (A), and reassessing treatment effects (B).
Baseline
- Initial rate of behavior against which effects of manipulation are assessed.
- Controlled or uncontrolled based on the assessment conditions.
Steady-State Performance
- Behavior remains stable over time under controlled schedules; indicates a consistent response rate.
Sensitivity and Variability
- Baseline Sensitivity: Indicates extensive behavior change with small independent variable adjustments.
- Range of Variability: Difference between highest and lowest values during experimental phases.
Immediacy of Change
- Change in behavior should closely follow alterations in experimental conditions; assessed via the last three data points of one phase compared to the first three of another.
Trends
- Systematic increases or decreases in baseline values can complicate treatment predictions.
Hypothetical Constructs
- Unobservable processes proposed to explain behavior.
- E.g., Freud's "ego" is a construct explaining self-gratification, often critiqued for lack of direct observability.
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Description
Test your knowledge with flashcards from Chapter 2 of Learning and Applied Behavior. This quiz covers key concepts such as functional analysis and the distinctions between operant and respondent behaviors. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of behavioral principles.
