Revolution OS
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Questions and Answers

What was Eric Raymond's response when he met Craig Mundy in the elevator?

  • He said, 'I'm your worst nightmare.' (correct)
  • He said, 'Oh, yeah. And what do you do?'
  • He said, 'I see you're from Microsoft.'
  • He said, 'I'm a scrappy hacker.'

    • What is the role of a kernel in a complete system?

  • Translates source code into numbers
  • Assists in debugging programs
  • Edits text and formats it
  • Allocates resources to all the other programs (correct)

    • What is the main function of a compiler?

  • Edits text and formats it
  • Allocates resources to all the other programs
  • Translates a program from readable source-code to numbers that a computer can run (correct)
  • Assists in debugging programs

    • What is the significance of GNU free software?

    <p>It refers to freedom, not price, enabling users to make changes, redistribute copies, and make improvements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes free software from non-free software?

    <p>The freedoms to make changes, redistribute copies, share with other people, and make improvements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the crucial thing about GNU, according to Richard Stallman?

    <p>It's free software, referring to freedom, not price</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first thing Larry Augustin and his colleagues did when they got a Sun machine?

    <p>Downloaded GNU free software from the internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Richard Stallman refer to when he mentioned 'free speech, not free beer'?

    <p>Free software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the recursive acronym GNU stand for?

    <p>Gnu's Not Unix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to Richard Stallman's aversion to commercial software and intellectual property?

    <p>Negative experiences at M.I.T. AI Lab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hindered the adaptation of BSD by non-institutional users?

    <p>Legal problems with AT&amp;T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Eric Raymond highlight about Richard Stallman's views?

    <p>Profound hostility to intellectual property and software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Bill Gates express concern over in the hobbyist market?

    <p>Lack of good software and software theft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the GNU project aim to create?

    <p>A free operating system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the BSD project develop based on the Unix kernel licensed from AT&T?

    <p>Berkeley Unix (BSD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Richard Stallman invite others to join him in?

    <p>The GNU project</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 1991, what had the GNU project practically replaced with free alternatives?

    <p>All Unix programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the creator of the Linux kernel?

    <p>Linus Torvalds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an operating system according to Linus Torvalds?

    <p>To help programs run and manage resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the founding father of the Free Software Movement?

    <p>Richard Stallman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of Open Source software?

    <p>It allows collaboration without intellectual property issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization played a role in the evolution of software distribution in the mid-1970s in Silicon Valley?

    <p>HOMEBREW COMPUTER CLUB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the introduction of passwords at M.I.T. lead to, according to the text?

    <p>Subversive acts by hackers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who advocated for proprietary software in the HOMEBREW COMPUTER CLUB newsletter in 1976?

    <p>Bill Gates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who contributed to the development of an operating system at M.I.T. Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971?

    <p>Richard Stallman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of copy-left as described by Richard Stallman?

    <p>A technique that ensures software remains free and open by requiring redistributed copies to be under the same terms as the original</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific document in legalese is used for most GNU software packages to implement the concept of copy-left?

    <p>GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of copy-left in the context of free software?

    <p>To ensure that redistributed copies of software maintain the freedom to cooperate and share</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of Cygnus Software's business model?

    <p>Offering support for free software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial focus of the GNU project's development efforts?

    <p>Building a toolkit of basic development tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivated Linus Torvalds to develop the Linux kernel?

    <p>To replicate the computing environment at his workplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to years of debugging and delays in the development of the GNU HURD kernel?

    <p>The advanced, asynchronous communication design of the GNU HURD kernel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the GNU C compiler in the development of Linux and other open programs?

    <p>It played a crucial role in the development of Linux and other open programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Linus Torvalds find ridiculous about the general term 'GNU/Linux'?

    <p>The general term 'GNU/Linux'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'RIGHT NO. 7: DISTRIBUTION OF LICENSE' require?

    <p>The license must be distributable to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of 'RIGHT NO. 8: LICENSE MUST NOT BE SPECIFIC TO A PRODUCT'?

    <p>The license cannot be specific to a particular product or system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Apache Web Server in the context of Linux's growth?

    <p>It provided a tangible benefit for using Linux, especially in the realm of complex websites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the relationship between the development of the Apache Web Server and the growth of the Internet?

    <p>The adoption curve of Linux and the adoption curve of the Internet exactly tracked each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key impact of the Apache Web Server on the perception of using Linux?

    <p>It provided a tangible benefit, making it a must-have technology for complex websites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Eric Raymond's paper, 'The Cathedral and the Bazaar'?

    <p>It sparked interest in open source at Netscape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributed to the increased adoption of Linux and Apache in server farms?

    <p>Their cost-effectiveness compared to IIS and NT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor in Apache's steady gain in market share?

    <p>Its reliability, flexibility, and ability to meet webmasters' needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivated internet service providers and e-commerce companies to choose Linux over Windows?

    <p>The appeal of Apache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operating systems were favored for running Apache due to community contributions to its development?

    <p>Linux and FreeBSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the Open Source Movement?

    <p>Highlighting the practical advantages and the ability for a community of users to cooperate on improving software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Open Source Definition aim to achieve?

    <p>To define the term Open Source and provide a meta-license</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was consulted about the concept of Open Source and expressed interest in the new term?

    <p>Linus Torvalds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event prompted venture capitalists to change their minds about investing in Linux?

    <p>Linus Torvalds' appearance on the cover of Fortune</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who received the IDG/Linus Torvalds Community Award during the LinuxWorld Conference?

    <p>Richard Stallman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who advocated for calling the operating system GNU/Linux?

    <p>Richard Stallman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Evolution of Open Source and Linux

    • The open information and technology exchange revolution began in the 1980s with the Free Software Movement, the GNU project, and is now associated with Linux and the Open Source Movement.
    • Linux, a computer operating system developed by hundreds of programmers collaborating on the internet, is challenging Microsoft Windows NT and is popular for its speed with 12 million users.
    • The creator of the Linux kernel, Linus Torvalds, explains that an operating system's purpose is to help programs run, and it only acts when programs request resources or connections.
    • Open Source allows people to collaborate on software without intellectual property issues, contracts, or lawyers, sacrificing some intellectual property rights for global software use.
    • Richard Stallman is the founding father of the Free Software Movement, creating the legal, philosophical, and technological foundation for the movement and influencing the evolution of Linux and Open Source.
    • Stallman joined the M.I.T. Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971, contributing to the development of an operating system and embracing the playful spirit of hackers.
    • The introduction of passwords at M.I.T. led Stallman and other hackers to subversive acts, like decoding passwords and encouraging others to use simple passwords, leading to a fifth of users adopting this approach.
    • Open Source began with the start of computers, but in the late 70s and early 80s, software started closing up, with Microsoft being a pioneer of the proprietary software model.
    • The HOMEBREW COMPUTER CLUB, formed in the mid-1970s in Silicon Valley, played a role in the evolution of software distribution, with Bill Gates advocating for proprietary software in the club's newsletter in 1976.

    Linux and GNU: The Story of Collaboration

    • Linus Torvalds used a monolithic approach to develop the Linux kernel, while the GNU project chose a more advanced, but challenging design with the GNU HURD kernel.
    • The advanced design of GNU HURD, which divided the kernel into smaller programs communicating asynchronously, led to years of debugging and delays.
    • Linux was developed independently of the GNU Project, but it was later integrated into the GNU system, filling the gap in the GNU system.
    • There is a symbiotic relationship between Linux and GNU programs, with Linux serving as a platform for the programs, while the programs take advantage of Linux.
    • The GNU C compiler played a crucial role in the development of Linux and other open programs.
    • Linux uses the GPL and aligns with the philosophy behind it, despite the complexity of the GPL document.
    • By the early 1990s, Linux had gained traction, with an increasing number of users finding it a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional Unix workstations.
    • The name "Linux" was initially chosen by Linus Torvalds as a working name, and it became widely adopted, leading to the widespread use of the GNU/Linux Operating System.
    • Linus Torvalds initially hesitated to publicly call it "Linux" due to concerns about appearing egotistical.
    • Despite the widespread use of the GNU/Linux Operating System, many users are unaware of its GNU origins.
    • Linus Torvalds believes that naming a distribution of Linux after GNU, such as "GNU/Linux," is justified, but he finds the general term "GNU/Linux" to be ridiculous.
    • The story of Linux and GNU showcases a collaborative effort, with Linux integrating into the GNU system and forming the widely used GNU/Linux Operating System.

    The Birth of Open Source: The Story of Netscape, Linux, and Free Software

    • Netscape announced the release of its source code and the free distribution of Communicator on January 27th, bringing public attention to Free Software and Open Source.
    • The term "Open Source" was coined at the VA offices in Mountain View, California, where a group of individuals, including Larry Augustin, Ph.D., Eric Raymond, and Christine Peterson, discussed the need for a new term to replace "Free Software."
    • The term "Free Software" was deemed to have negative associations, leading to the creation of the concept of Open Source to emphasize the availability of source code.
    • The Open Source Movement was focused on practical advantages and the ability for a community of users to cooperate on improving software.
    • Richard Stallman, a key figure in the Free Software Movement, emphasized the importance of freedom to cooperate with others and its impact on society's quality of life.
    • Bruce Perens, a proponent of Open Source, highlighted the importance of commercialization in mainstreaming the software and expressed the need for both free and non-free software to co-exist.
    • The Open Source Definition, derived from the Debian Free Software Guidelines, was created to define the term Open Source and provide a meta-license.
    • The Open Source Definition includes nine rights, such as Free Redistribution, Source Code Availability, and the Permission for Derived Works, to ensure the liberty of software usage and distribution.
    • The term "Open Source" was chosen to reflect the idea that source code is open and available for access and modification.
    • Linus Torvalds, the creator of Linux, was consulted about the concept of Open Source and expressed interest in the new term.
    • The birth of Open Source was a pivotal moment that brought attention to the Linux Operating System as a prominent example of Open Source software.
    • The creation of the Open Source Definition aimed to clarify the rights and principles of Open Source software, emphasizing liberty and accessibility over price.

    Open Source Movement and Free Software Debate

    • Nick Moffitt and Chris DiBona met at a Denny's outside Foster City's police jurisdiction, adopting a "Dukes of Hazzard" method to avoid police interference.
    • The open source community gathered at Microsoft's offices, demanding refunds for unwanted software pre-installed on computers.
    • Approximately 150 people, half with signs, protested outside Microsoft's offices, where they were ultimately denied entry.
    • The protest resulted in positive press and led Toshiba to offer laptops without pre-installed operating systems.
    • Richard Stallman emphasized the importance of sharing and community in the context of software licensing and piracy.
    • Stallman argued that the freedom to have a community is more important than profit motive, countering the idea that rampant piracy would eliminate the profit motive.
    • Eric Raymond and Michael Tiemann debunked the notion of open source being communist, highlighting its basis in community and value delivery.
    • Tiemann stressed that labeling the open source business model as communist or capitalist is irrelevant, focusing on the value and scalability it delivers.
    • The free software movement was compared to communism, with a visit from a Russian institute director highlighting concerns about its compatibility with Russian society.
    • The open source movement was defended as non-coercive, with Bruce Perens emphasizing the existence of commons before communism as a philosophy.
    • The open source movement was described as a revolution, with Linux's growing popularity highlighted by the LinuxWorld event.
    • Linus Torvalds humorously responded to LinuxWorld being labeled as "Linux's coming out party," questioning if Linux was gay.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the evolution of open source and Linux with this quiz. Learn about the Free Software Movement, GNU project, Linux operating system, and the Open Source Movement. Delve into the history of open source collaboration and the impact of influential figures like Linus Torvalds and Richard Stallman.

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