30 Questions
What is the advantage of measuring the average velocity at 0.2 and 0.8 depth compared to a single measurement at 0.6 depth?
It provides a more accurate estimation of the discharge in each portion.
What is the Chezy equation used for in open channel flow calculations?
To calculate the velocity in an open channel.
When is the Manning equation typically used in open channel flow calculations?
When the channel slope is less than 0.10.
What is the Discharge equation used for in open channel flow calculations?
To calculate the total flow rate in a channel.
How is the weir equation used in hydraulic engineering?
To calculate the discharge of an overflow spillway.
What is the Price meter commonly used for in streamflow measurements?
Measuring streamflow in large streams.
What device is used for measuring river stage and is usually read by an observer once or twice a day?
Staff gauge
What are self-recording gauges used for?
To obtain more reliable records
What is the purpose of crest-stage gauges?
To provide a record of the highest stage observed at a station
How are rates of flow usually expressed?
In cubic meters per second
What is a water year and when does it typically begin and end in the U.S.?
A twelve-month period beginning and ending during a time of low flow, commonly from October 1 to September 30 of the following year
What does basin recharge refer to?
The portion of precipitation that does not contribute to streamflow or groundwater
What is depression storage in hydrology?
Water retained as puddles in surface depressions
Define gravitational water in soil moisture terms.
Free water moving through the soil by gravity
Explain capillary water and its significance in soil.
Water remaining in the soil after gravitational water drains out, subject to capillary movement
What is hygroscopic water and why is it essential for vegetation?
Water tightly held on soil particle surfaces, essentially unavailable to vegetation
What is the main difference between capillary and hygroscopic water?
Hygroscopic water occurs as thin films around colloidal soil particles, while capillary water surrounds soil particles in minute spaces
Describe the paths rainwater in melting snow might take to reach a stream.
Three paths: direct runoff, infiltration into the ground, or evaporation
What is the formula for peak rate of run-off?
Q = kiA or Qp = CAi
Why is the unit hydrograph concept important?
It allows for predicting the run-off hydrograph for a specific rainstorm event.
What is the significance of groundwater in water resources planning?
Groundwater is important to consider along with surface water for water resources development.
How is a unit hydrograph defined?
A hydrograph with a volume of 1 inch (25 cm) of runoff from a rainstorm of specified duration and pattern.
What does the unit hydrograph assume about storms of like duration and pattern?
Assumes same time base with flow ordinates in proportion to run-off volumes.
How can a unit hydrograph be constructed?
From rainfall and streamflow data of a storm with uniform rainfall intensity.
What is the surface of a water body that is constantly adjusting itself toward an equilibrium condition?
Water table
What is the term used for a well piercing a confining stratum where water rises due to the local static pressure?
Artesian well
What is the surface defined by the water level in a group of artesian wells called?
Piezometric surface
What is the term for a well where the water rises above the level of the aquifer due to pressure?
Artesian well
What is the depression in the water table that forms when a well is pumped in an extensive homogeneous isotropic aquifer?
Cone of depression
What is the drop in water level called when a well is pumped in an extensive aquifer?
Drawdown
Test your knowledge about the calculation of discharge in open channel flow using formulas such as the Chezy equation. Understand the importance of measuring average velocities at different depths to accurately calculate the total discharge of a stream.
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