OOP Concepts Quiz

Encapsulation vs. Abstraction

• Encapsulation hides an object's internal data and controls access through methods.
• Abstraction hides complexity, revealing only necessary parts for interaction.

Inheritance

• Allows a class to inherit attributes and methods from another class, promoting code reuse.
• Creates class hierarchies; subclasses inherit and expand superclass behaviors.
• Establishes an "is a" relationship (e.g., Dog is an Animal).

Composition

• A class is built using objects from other classes.
• Provides a modular design, enabling classes to reuse functionality without inheritance.
• Establishes a "has a" relationship (e.g., Car has an Engine).

Inheritance vs. Composition

• Inheritance is less flexible because subclasses inherit all superclass characteristics, potentially creating dependencies.
• Composition is more flexible, allowing classes to be built from independent parts, enabling easier modification.

Polymorphism

• Objects of different classes can be treated as objects of a common superclass.
• A method operates differently based on the calling object.
• Involves defining methods with the same name but different parameters or implementations within a class.

Magic Methods

• Special methods allowing customization of how objects interact with built-in operations and functions.
• Automatically called by Python during specific operations.
• Examples: __str__, __repr__, __eq__

__str__ Magic Method

• Called by str() and print().
• Returns a human-readable string representation of an object.

__repr__ Magic Method

• Called by repr().
• Returns a more formal string representation, suitable for debugging or logging.

__eq__ Magic Method

• Called by ==.
• Defines how two objects are compared for equality.

Class vs. Instance Variables

• Class Variables: defined within a class but outside any instance methods; shared by all instances; typically store data common to all instances.
• Instance Variables: defined within the __init__ method or any instance method; unique to each instance; store data specific to each object.

Class Methods

• Bound to the class, not an instance.
• Take the class as the first argument (cls).
• Modify class state for all instances or provide utility functions for the class.
• Decorated with @classmethod.

List Comprehensions

• Provide a concise syntax for creating new lists based on existing lists.
• Syntax: [expression for item in iterable (if condition)]

Lambda Anonymous Functions

• Syntax: lambda arguments: expression
• Define concise, nameless functions for immediate use.
• Commonly used within other functions like map(), filter(), and sorted().

Hash Functions

• Map data into a fixed-size value, crucial for data structures like dictionaries and sets.
• Properties:
  • Deterministic: Produce the same output for the same input.
  • Efficient: Quickly calculate the hash value.
  • Relatively uniform: Distribute input values evenly within the hash range.

Test your knowledge on key Object-Oriented Programming concepts such as encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, composition, and polymorphism. This quiz will help you understand how these principles facilitate modular design and code reuse in software development.