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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic effect of oncoviruses on host cells?
What is a characteristic effect of oncoviruses on host cells?
- They permanently alter the host cell genetic material, potentially causing cancer. (correct)
- They cause temporary changes to genetic material.
- They exclusively infect bacterial cells.
- They primarily affect the nervous system of animals.
What type of pathogen is a viroid?
What type of pathogen is a viroid?
- A virus that primarily infects human cells.
- A type of bacteria with nucleic acid.
- A single-stranded RNA genome, known as the smallest pathogen. (correct)
- An infectious protein particle.
Which statement accurately describes prions?
Which statement accurately describes prions?
- They are infectious particles composed solely of protein. (correct)
- They primarily cause respiratory illnesses in humans.
- They have a DNA genome and contain nucleic acids.
- They are primarily responsible for lysis of bacterial cells.
Which of the following best describes bacteriophage?
Which of the following best describes bacteriophage?
What forms can the nucleic acid of viruses take?
What forms can the nucleic acid of viruses take?
What is a common characteristic of double-stranded RNA viruses?
What is a common characteristic of double-stranded RNA viruses?
What is one of the ways microorganisms like oncoviruses can cause damage to host cells?
What is one of the ways microorganisms like oncoviruses can cause damage to host cells?
Which virus is known to cause the disease known as Crohn's disease in sheep?
Which virus is known to cause the disease known as Crohn's disease in sheep?
Which viruses are known to be transmitted from mother to child?
Which viruses are known to be transmitted from mother to child?
What types of transmission are involved in mother to child transmission of viruses?
What types of transmission are involved in mother to child transmission of viruses?
Which of the following is not a method of transmission for blood-borne viruses?
Which of the following is not a method of transmission for blood-borne viruses?
How are highly sensitive tests like PCR relevant to blood-borne pathogens?
How are highly sensitive tests like PCR relevant to blood-borne pathogens?
Which viruses are primarily associated with the blood-borne infection category?
Which viruses are primarily associated with the blood-borne infection category?
What is the primary source of blood for blood-borne viruses as mentioned in the content?
What is the primary source of blood for blood-borne viruses as mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is a common misconception about blood-borne viruses?
Which of the following is a common misconception about blood-borne viruses?
What type of arthropods are primarily responsible for acquiring viruses through blood meals?
What type of arthropods are primarily responsible for acquiring viruses through blood meals?
What does the persistent nucleolus do during cell division?
What does the persistent nucleolus do during cell division?
What is a consequence of viral infection in human cells regarding cell membranes?
What is a consequence of viral infection in human cells regarding cell membranes?
What is indicated by mitotic delay in relation to viral infections?
What is indicated by mitotic delay in relation to viral infections?
How can viral infections affect the antibody production against human cells?
How can viral infections affect the antibody production against human cells?
What structural change occurs in the human cell membrane during infections?
What structural change occurs in the human cell membrane during infections?
What directly causes the lysis of the infected cell during T-lymphocyte response to viral antigens?
What directly causes the lysis of the infected cell during T-lymphocyte response to viral antigens?
Which viral effect is specifically associated with the accumulation of cytotoxic substances during viral replication?
Which viral effect is specifically associated with the accumulation of cytotoxic substances during viral replication?
Which of the following viruses is known to create rapid polykaryocytosis as a cytotoxic effect?
Which of the following viruses is known to create rapid polykaryocytosis as a cytotoxic effect?
What phenomenon results from the delayed-type hypersensitivity to viral infection?
What phenomenon results from the delayed-type hypersensitivity to viral infection?
Which component of adenovirus is known to inhibit essential cellular processes such as RNA, DNA, and protein synthesis?
Which component of adenovirus is known to inhibit essential cellular processes such as RNA, DNA, and protein synthesis?
What is the likely outcome of enterovirus infection in susceptible and unsusceptible cells?
What is the likely outcome of enterovirus infection in susceptible and unsusceptible cells?
What type of viral component is associated with the formation of syncytia?
What type of viral component is associated with the formation of syncytia?
What cellular effect is most commonly reported in HeLa cells infected with Vaccinia virus?
What cellular effect is most commonly reported in HeLa cells infected with Vaccinia virus?
What factor primarily affects horizontal virus transmission among individuals?
What factor primarily affects horizontal virus transmission among individuals?
Which mechanism is NOT associated with respiratory transmission of viruses?
Which mechanism is NOT associated with respiratory transmission of viruses?
Which of the following viruses is primarily transmitted through respiratory means?
Which of the following viruses is primarily transmitted through respiratory means?
How does environmental temperature impact respiratory virus survival?
How does environmental temperature impact respiratory virus survival?
Which type of viruses are shed in feces and vomit and tend to survive longer outside the body?
Which type of viruses are shed in feces and vomit and tend to survive longer outside the body?
What is a significant factor for the transmission of enteric viruses like rotaviruses?
What is a significant factor for the transmission of enteric viruses like rotaviruses?
Which transmission pattern is most commonly observed in viral spread?
Which transmission pattern is most commonly observed in viral spread?
What role do aerosols play in respiratory virus transmission?
What role do aerosols play in respiratory virus transmission?
Study Notes
Oncoviruses and Their Impact
- Oncoviruses, such as papillomaviruses and Epstein-Barr virus, cause tumors by permanently altering host cell genetic material, leading to cancer.
- They induce cytopathic changes, including cell lysis, DNA alteration, and the formation of multinucleated cells.
Viroids and Prions
- Viroids are the smallest known pathogens with a single-stranded RNA genome.
- Prions are infectious particles composed solely of protein, lacking nucleic acids, and are highly heat-resistant, affecting the nervous systems of animals (e.g., mad cow disease, scrapie, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease).
Bacteriophages
- Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, playing a crucial role in bacterial population control.
Virus Structure and Function
- Viral nucleic acids encode genetic information for protein synthesis and can be single or double-stranded DNA or RNA.
- Double-stranded DNA viruses consist of a single large molecule, while most double-stranded RNA viruses have segmented genomes, each segment coding for specific proteins.
Transmission of Viruses
- Horizontal transmission, primarily between individuals, occurs through various routes including:
- Respiratory or Salivary: E.g., influenza, rhinoviruses, spread via aerosol inhalation or contaminated surfaces.
- Fecal-Oral: E.g., enteroviruses, rotaviruses, shed in feces and vomit, emphasizing environmental persistence.
- Blood-Borne: E.g., HIV, HBV, transmitted through contaminated blood, posing risks during transfusions.
- Mother to Child: E.g., HBV, HIV, transmitted during pregnancy, birth, or through breastfeeding, with three main pathways: proviral DNA integration, transplacental spread, perinatal contact.
Cytopathic Effects of Viral Infections
- Viral infection can induce cytotoxicity, causing cell damage through:
- Production of Toxic Substances: Accumulation of viral components can be cytotoxic and induce morphological defects in cells.
- Induction of Mitotic Delay or Inhibition: Altered cell division dynamics may occur during viral infections.
- Membrane Changes: Viral proteins may incorporate into host membranes, potentially leading to immune responses and cell lysis.
Important Viral Pathogenicity Mechanisms
- The presence of viral components affects cellular processes, leading to severe pathological outcomes and facilitating disease progression.
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Description
Test your knowledge on oncoviruses, viroids, and prions, including their structures, functions, and impacts on host organisms. Explore how these pathogens affect health and contribute to diseases like cancer and prion disorders.
