Neoplasm 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of an initiator in cancer formation?

  • It triggers genetic content changes or mutations. (correct)
  • It promotes and supports cancer development.
  • It alters gene expression without changing the genetic content.
  • It causes the conversion of normal cells to cancer cells.

    • What is the term for a cluster of cells that are genetically identical and derived from a single cell?

  • Transformation
  • Neoplasm
  • Malignant tumor
  • Clonality (correct)

    • What is the role of a promoter in cancer development?

  • It triggers genetic content changes or mutations.
  • It promotes and supports cancer development.
  • It alters gene expression without changing the genetic content. (correct)
  • It causes the conversion of normal cells to cancer cells.

    • What is the main characteristic of a proto-oncogene?

    <p>It promotes cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a tumor suppressor gene?

    <p>p53</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a proto-oncogene when it becomes mutated?

    <p>It becomes an oncogene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mutation in a tumor suppressor gene affect its function?

    <p>It compromises or silences its role, resulting in uncontrolled cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for accurately duplicating DNA?

    <p>S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers cell cycle arrest?

    <p>Cell cycle checkpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cells that cannot be completely repaired during DNA damages?

    <p>They undergo apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for cell division?

    <p>M phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of interphase in the cell cycle?

    <p>To allow cells to grow and prepare for division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for the formation of spindles from the microtubule?

    <p>M phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by an increase in protein synthesis and organelle synthesis?

    <p>G1 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle ensures the correct alignment of sister chromatids and the mitosis process?

    <p>M checkpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures no DNA damage and blocks the formation of cyclin D-CDK4/6 complexes?

    <p>G1 checkpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for the correct replication of DNA and/or DNA replication process?

    <p>G1/S checkpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cyclins in cell cycle regulation?

    <p>They bind with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) to form active complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in cell cycle control?

    <p>They phosphorylate other cell cycle-related proteins to drive cell cycle progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phosphorylation in cell cycle regulation?

    <p>Phosphorylation activates or inhibits other cell cycle-related proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for starting transcription and producing S-phase proteins like cyclin E & A?

    <p>E2F1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein controls the availability of E2F1 to start transcription?

    <p>Retinoblastoma (RB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the activity of RB (Retinoblastoma) protein regulated?

    <p>RB is regulated by phosphorylation by cyclin-CDK complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein functions as a transcription factor and synthesizes many other proteins for DNA repair, cell cycle repair, apoptosis, etc.?

    <p>P53</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of p53 protein in response to DNA damage?

    <p>p53 triggers apoptosis to eliminate damaged cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell death is also known as programmed cell death and occurs when severe and unrepairable cellular damages are present?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

    <p>Necrosis is accidental cell death by cellular lysis, while apoptosis is suicidal cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the triggering of apoptosis dependent on?

    <p>The balance between pro-apoptotic proteins and anti-apoptotic proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are defective in cell cycle control and can lead to the proliferation of cancerous cells?

    <p>p53, p21, RB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cells with defective cell cycle control?

    <p>Increased proliferation of initiated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does defective cell cycle control favor the proliferation of cancerous cells?

    <p>By allowing the progression of the cell cycle despite DNA damages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cells with defective cell cycle control?

    <p>Higher chance of mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of initiation in carcinogenesis?

    <p>DNA damage or mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a chemical carcinogen?

    <p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step of carcinogenesis involves additional mutations and the invasion or migration of cancer cells?

    <p>Progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of carcinogenesis?

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation is known to cause DNA damage and increase the risk of cancer?

    <p>Gamma-radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cancer cases are estimated to be related to viral infections?

    <p>12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chronic viral infection/inflammation in cancer formation?

    <p>Continuous cell death and cell proliferation leading to cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of virus-mediated cancer formation?

    <p>Production of oncogenic proteins that affect cell cycle control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a chemical carcinogen?

    <p>Heavy metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do DNA-damaging chemical carcinogens contribute to cancer formation?

    <p>They cause genetic content changes and increase the risk of mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cancers is more common among males?

    <p>Liver cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with an increased risk of cancer due to ozone depletion?

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the correct statement:

    <p>Retinoblastoma protein is an example of tumour suppressor protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the FALSE statement on cell cycle.

    <p>The cell cycle arrested cells will definitely eliminated via apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is FALSE regarding a defective cell cycle?

    <p>It is usually happens during the progression of carcinogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the FALSE statement regarding the multistep hypothesis of carcinogenesis

    <p>Initiation can skip the promotion and directly achieve progression step.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the FALSE statement of carcinogen and carcinogenesis.

    <p>Hepatitis B virus induces the liver cancer formation via its viral oncogenes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the correct statement on geographical and environmental factors in cancer incidence.

    <p>Eating behaviour and culture did contribute to the cancer incidence and distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

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