Neoplasm 2

What is the role of an initiator in cancer formation?

What is the term for a cluster of cells that are genetically identical and derived from a single cell?

What is the role of a promoter in cancer development?

What is the main characteristic of a proto-oncogene?

Which of the following is a tumor suppressor gene?

What happens to a proto-oncogene when it becomes mutated?

How does mutation in a tumor suppressor gene affect its function?

Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for accurately duplicating DNA?

What triggers cell cycle arrest?

What happens to cells that cannot be completely repaired during DNA damages?

Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for cell division?

What is the purpose of interphase in the cell cycle?

Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for the formation of spindles from the microtubule?

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by an increase in protein synthesis and organelle synthesis?

Which phase of the cell cycle ensures the correct alignment of sister chromatids and the mitosis process?

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures no DNA damage and blocks the formation of cyclin D-CDK4/6 complexes?

Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for the correct replication of DNA and/or DNA replication process?

What is the main function of cyclins in cell cycle regulation?

What is the role of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in cell cycle control?

What is the role of phosphorylation in cell cycle regulation?

Which protein is responsible for starting transcription and producing S-phase proteins like cyclin E & A?

Which protein controls the availability of E2F1 to start transcription?

How is the activity of RB (Retinoblastoma) protein regulated?

Which protein functions as a transcription factor and synthesizes many other proteins for DNA repair, cell cycle repair, apoptosis, etc.?

What is the function of p53 protein in response to DNA damage?

Which type of cell death is also known as programmed cell death and occurs when severe and unrepairable cellular damages are present?

What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

What is the triggering of apoptosis dependent on?

Which proteins are defective in cell cycle control and can lead to the proliferation of cancerous cells?

Which of the following is a characteristic of cells with defective cell cycle control?

How does defective cell cycle control favor the proliferation of cancerous cells?

Which of the following is a characteristic of cells with defective cell cycle control?

What is the main characteristic of initiation in carcinogenesis?

Which of the following is a chemical carcinogen?

Which step of carcinogenesis involves additional mutations and the invasion or migration of cancer cells?

Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of carcinogenesis?

Which type of radiation is known to cause DNA damage and increase the risk of cancer?

What percentage of cancer cases are estimated to be related to viral infections?

What is the role of chronic viral infection/inflammation in cancer formation?

Which of the following is a characteristic of virus-mediated cancer formation?

Which of the following is an example of a chemical carcinogen?

How do DNA-damaging chemical carcinogens contribute to cancer formation?

Which of the following cancers is more common among males?

Which factor is associated with an increased risk of cancer due to ozone depletion?

Select the correct statement:

Select the FALSE statement on cell cycle.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding a defective cell cycle?

Select the FALSE statement regarding the multistep hypothesis of carcinogenesis

Select the FALSE statement of carcinogen and carcinogenesis.

Select the correct statement on geographical and environmental factors in cancer incidence.