50 Questions
What is the role of an initiator in cancer formation?
It triggers genetic content changes or mutations.
What is the term for a cluster of cells that are genetically identical and derived from a single cell?
Clonality
What is the role of a promoter in cancer development?
It alters gene expression without changing the genetic content.
What is the main characteristic of a proto-oncogene?
It promotes cell proliferation
Which of the following is a tumor suppressor gene?
p53
What happens to a proto-oncogene when it becomes mutated?
It becomes an oncogene
How does mutation in a tumor suppressor gene affect its function?
It compromises or silences its role, resulting in uncontrolled cell proliferation
Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for accurately duplicating DNA?
S
What triggers cell cycle arrest?
Cell cycle checkpoints
What happens to cells that cannot be completely repaired during DNA damages?
They undergo apoptosis
Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for cell division?
M phase
What is the purpose of interphase in the cell cycle?
To allow cells to grow and prepare for division
Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for the formation of spindles from the microtubule?
M phase
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by an increase in protein synthesis and organelle synthesis?
G1 phase
Which phase of the cell cycle ensures the correct alignment of sister chromatids and the mitosis process?
M checkpoint
Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures no DNA damage and blocks the formation of cyclin D-CDK4/6 complexes?
G1 checkpoint
Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for the correct replication of DNA and/or DNA replication process?
G1/S checkpoint
What is the main function of cyclins in cell cycle regulation?
They bind with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) to form active complexes
What is the role of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in cell cycle control?
They phosphorylate other cell cycle-related proteins to drive cell cycle progression
What is the role of phosphorylation in cell cycle regulation?
Phosphorylation activates or inhibits other cell cycle-related proteins
Which protein is responsible for starting transcription and producing S-phase proteins like cyclin E & A?
E2F1
Which protein controls the availability of E2F1 to start transcription?
Retinoblastoma (RB)
How is the activity of RB (Retinoblastoma) protein regulated?
RB is regulated by phosphorylation by cyclin-CDK complexes
Which protein functions as a transcription factor and synthesizes many other proteins for DNA repair, cell cycle repair, apoptosis, etc.?
P53
What is the function of p53 protein in response to DNA damage?
p53 triggers apoptosis to eliminate damaged cells
Which type of cell death is also known as programmed cell death and occurs when severe and unrepairable cellular damages are present?
Apoptosis
What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
Necrosis is accidental cell death by cellular lysis, while apoptosis is suicidal cell death
What is the triggering of apoptosis dependent on?
The balance between pro-apoptotic proteins and anti-apoptotic proteins
Which proteins are defective in cell cycle control and can lead to the proliferation of cancerous cells?
p53, p21, RB
Which of the following is a characteristic of cells with defective cell cycle control?
Increased proliferation of initiated cells
How does defective cell cycle control favor the proliferation of cancerous cells?
By allowing the progression of the cell cycle despite DNA damages
Which of the following is a characteristic of cells with defective cell cycle control?
Higher chance of mutation
What is the main characteristic of initiation in carcinogenesis?
DNA damage or mutation
Which of the following is a chemical carcinogen?
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Which step of carcinogenesis involves additional mutations and the invasion or migration of cancer cells?
Progression
Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of carcinogenesis?
Metastasis
Which type of radiation is known to cause DNA damage and increase the risk of cancer?
Gamma-radiation
What percentage of cancer cases are estimated to be related to viral infections?
12%
What is the role of chronic viral infection/inflammation in cancer formation?
Continuous cell death and cell proliferation leading to cancer
Which of the following is a characteristic of virus-mediated cancer formation?
Production of oncogenic proteins that affect cell cycle control
Which of the following is an example of a chemical carcinogen?
Heavy metals
How do DNA-damaging chemical carcinogens contribute to cancer formation?
They cause genetic content changes and increase the risk of mutations.
Which of the following cancers is more common among males?
Liver cancer
Which factor is associated with an increased risk of cancer due to ozone depletion?
Radiation
Select the correct statement:
Retinoblastoma protein is an example of tumour suppressor protein.
Select the FALSE statement on cell cycle.
The cell cycle arrested cells will definitely eliminated via apoptosis.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding a defective cell cycle?
It is usually happens during the progression of carcinogenesis.
Select the FALSE statement regarding the multistep hypothesis of carcinogenesis
Initiation can skip the promotion and directly achieve progression step.
Select the FALSE statement of carcinogen and carcinogenesis.
Hepatitis B virus induces the liver cancer formation via its viral oncogenes.
Select the correct statement on geographical and environmental factors in cancer incidence.
Eating behaviour and culture did contribute to the cancer incidence and distribution
Test your knowledge of oncology terminology and concepts with this quiz! From understanding the definition of neoplasms and malignant tumors to exploring the process of cellular transformation, this quiz covers key terms in the study of cancer. Challenge yourself and expand your oncology vocabulary with this informative quiz.
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