Chp 45 & 46 test review

Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between CSS drugs and CSNS drugs?

CSS drugs kill only cancer-specific cells, while CSNS drugs kill all cells. (correct)

CSS drugs are used for cancer prevention, while CSNS drugs are used for cancer treatment.

CSS drugs are used for chronic diseases, while CSNS drugs are used for acute diseases.

CSS drugs are used for targeted therapy, while CSNS drugs are used for chemotherapy.

What is the term for a group of symptoms that cannot be directly attributed to the spread of a cancerous tumor?

Extravasation

Paraneoplastic Syndromes (correct)

Myelosuppression

Cachexia

What is the phase of the cell cycle where cell reproduction occurs?

M (correct)

What is the term for antineoplastic drugs that are cytotoxic in any phase of the cell cycle?

Cell Cycle-Nonspecific (CCNS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for hair loss as a result of chemotherapy?

Alopecia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the lowest point of WBC count during treatment?

Nadir Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the leaking of antineoplastic drug into surrounding tissues during IV administration?

Extravasation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for drugs that inhibit cellular growth by interfering with the synthesis or actions of compounds critical to cellular reproduction?

Antimetabolites Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for natural products obtained from the periwinkle plant?

Taxanes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of implementing neutropenic precautions?

To prevent infection in patients with neutropenia and leukemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of giving antiemetics 30 to 60 minutes before chemotherapy?

To reduce the effects of nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Why are women of childbearing age advised to use a non-drug form of contraception during chemotherapy?

To prevent the risk of pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of antineoplastic therapy?

To eliminate cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of monitoring for therapeutic responses to antineoplastic therapies?

To determine the effectiveness of the therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between alkylating drugs and hormonal drugs?

Alkylating drugs alter the chemical structure of cells, while hormonal drugs block the body's sex hormone receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of neutropenic precautions?

To prevent infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the lowest point of WBC count during treatment?

Nadir Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the risk of potential nausea and vomiting associated with antineoplastic therapy?

Emetic potential Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the leaking of antineoplastic drug into surrounding tissues during intravenous administration?

Extravasation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of giving folic acid to patients receiving antineoplastic therapy?

To prevent the antagonistic effects of methotrexate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of administering antineoplastic therapies?

To prevent cancer cells from reproducing Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hormonal therapy?

To block the body's sex hormone receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of alkylating drugs?

Bone marrow suppression Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to monitor for anaphylactic reactions during chemotherapy?

To keep epinephrine, antihistamines, and anti-inflammatory drugs on hand Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cytoprotective drugs?

To reduce toxicities associated with antineoplastic drugs Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to monitor for infections during chemotherapy?

To prevent oncologic emergencies, such as infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of neutropenic precautions during chemotherapy?

To prevent infection in patients with low neutrophil counts Signup and view all the answers

What should be reported to the healthcare provider during chemotherapy?

All symptoms, no matter how minor Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored during chemotherapy?

All of the above, including blood counts, liver function, pulmonary status, cardiovascular status, signs and symptoms of cancer, and lab results Signup and view all the answers

What should be provided to patients during chemotherapy?

All of the above, including emotional support, resources for hair loss, well-done food, and oral care Signup and view all the answers

CSNS drugs are cytotoxic during a specific cell cycle phase.

False Signup and view all the answers

Paraneoplastic syndromes are a direct result of the spread of a cancerous tumor.

False Signup and view all the answers

Antimetabolites inhibit cellular growth by interfering with the synthesis or actions of compounds critical to cellular reproduction.

True Signup and view all the answers

Mitotic inhibitors are used to treat a variety of solid tumors and some hematologic malignancies.

True Signup and view all the answers

Folate antagonists are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

True Signup and view all the answers

Stomatitis is a common side effect of chemotherapy, characterized by hair loss.

False Signup and view all the answers

Extravasation can result in permanent damage to nerves, tendons, and muscles, but not loss of limbs.

False Signup and view all the answers

Hormonal therapy is used to treat a variety of neoplasms in men only.

False Signup and view all the answers

Alkylating drugs alter the chemical structure of the cells to prevent cancer cells from reproducing.

True Signup and view all the answers

Cytotoxic antibiotics are used to treat severe cases of psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis.

False Signup and view all the answers

Antiemetics are often given 30 to 60 minutes before chemotherapy to reduce nausea and vomiting.

True Signup and view all the answers

Nursing implications during chemotherapy include providing oral care to prevent stomatitis.

True Signup and view all the answers

Bicalutamide is an antineoplastic hormone used to treat male-specific neoplasms.

False Signup and view all the answers

Estramustine is used to treat female-specific neoplasms.

False Signup and view all the answers

Cisplatin is an example of an alkylating drug.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nursing implications during chemotherapy with their respective actions:

Keep patient hydrated = Prevent nephrotoxicity Provide oral care = Prevent stomatitis Collaborate with dietician = Provide resources for hair loss No raw foods = Prevent infection Signup and view all the answers

Match the following antineoplastic drugs with their respective effects:

Alkylating drugs = Alter the chemical structure of the cells Cytotoxic antibiotics = Expect bone marrow suppression, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomatitis Hormonal drugs = Used to treat a variety of neoplasms in men and women Methotrexate = Used to treat severe cases of psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following patient education with their respective antineoplastic drugs:

Memic menopause symptoms up to 5 years of treatment = Tamoxifen If you are prescribed this medication, a chest x-ray must be done = Methotrexate Report ringing or roaring in the ears = Cisplatin Report tingling, numbness, or pain in the extremities = Alkylating drugs Signup and view all the answers

Match the following monitoring with their respective purposes during chemotherapy:

Monitor for therapeutic responses = Monitor for signs and symptoms of cancer Monitor for anaphylactic reactions = Monitor for oncologic emergencies Monitor for nephrotoxicity = Monitor for expected effects of bone marrow suppression Monitor pulmonary status = Monitor for complications associated with bone marrow suppression Signup and view all the answers

Match the following antineoplastic therapies with their respective uses:

Alkylating drugs = Preventing cancer cells from reproducing Hormonal drugs = Used as adjuvant and palliative therapy Cytotoxic antibiotics = Used to treat a variety of solid tumors and some hematologic malignancies Antiemetics = Used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with antineoplastic therapy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Cachexia = Fatigue, fever, weight loss Cell cycle-specific (CCS) = Drugs that are cytotoxic in any phase of the cell cycle Paraneoplastic syndromes = Various group of symptoms that cannot be directly attributed to the spread of a cancerous tumor Cell cycle-nonspecific (CCNS) = Drugs that are cytotoxic during a specific cell cycle phase Signup and view all the answers

Match the following chemotherapy terms with their definitions:

Dose limiting adverse effects = GI tract and bone marrow Myelosuppression = Bone marrow suppression (BMS) Alopecia = Hair loss Emetic potential = The risk of potential nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Match the following antineoplastic drugs with their descriptions:

Antimetabolites = Inhibit cellular growth by interfering with the synthesis or actions of compounds critical to cellular reproduction Mitotic inhibitors = Natural products obtained from the periwinkle plant Folate antagonists = Used to treat rheumatoid arthritis Alkylating drugs = Drugs that alter the chemical structure of the cells to prevent cancer cells from reproducing Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nursing implications with their descriptions:

Assess baseline blood counts = Before administering antineoplastic drugs Monitor for effects on GI tract = Stomatitis, altered bowel function Implement measures to monitor for infection = In patients with neutropenia and leukemia Monitor for complications of bone marrow components = Dangerously low (life-threatening) blood cell counts Signup and view all the answers

Match the following chemotherapy complications with their descriptions:

Stomatitis = Oral inflammation and ulcerations Extravasation = Leaking of antineoplastic drug into surrounding tissues during IV administration Myelosuppression = Bone marrow depression Nadir = Lowest point of WBC count during treatment Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

CSS Drugs vs CSNS

CSS drugs kill only cancer-specific cells
CSNS drugs kill all cells

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

A group of symptoms that cannot be directly attributed to the spread of a cancerous tumor
May be the first sign of malignancy
Cachexia (most common): fatigue, fever, weight loss

Cell Growth Cycle

G0: resting phase
G1: first gap phase
S: synthesis phase
G2: second gap phase
M: mitosis phase (cell reproduction)

Chemotherapy

Pharmacologic treatment of cancer
Antineoplastic drugs: divided into two groups based on where in the cellular life cycle they work
Cell cycle-nonspecific (CCNS): cytotoxic in any phase of the cycle
Cell cycle-specific (CCS): cytotoxic during a specific cell cycle phase

Chemotherapy Terms

Dose-limiting adverse effects: GI tract and bone marrow
Alopecia: hair loss
Emetic potential: risk of nausea and vomiting
Prevention: serve smaller, more frequent meals; give medication for nausea and vomiting; collaborate with dietician
Myelosuppression: bone marrow suppression (BMS)
Nadir: lowest point of WBC during treatment
Extravasation: leaking of antineoplastic drug into surrounding tissues during IV administration

Antimetabolites

Inhibit cellular growth by interfering with the synthesis or actions of compounds critical to cellular reproduction
Folate (folic acid) antagonists: methotrexate (MTX), pemetrexed, pralatrexate
Also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis
In women of reproductive age: educate on the use of birth control

Mitotic Inhibitors

Natural products obtained from the periwinkle plant
Intravenous use only: fatal if given intrathecally (spinal route)
Used to treat a variety of solid tumors and some hematologic malignancies
Examples: cabazitaxel (jevtana), Eribulin (Halaven)

Alkylating Drugs

Examples: cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, mechlorethamine
Preventing cancer cells from reproducing
Alter the chemical structure of the cells

Hormonal Drugs

Used to treat a variety of neoplasms in men and women
Hormonal therapy used to oppose the effects of hormones
Block the body's sex hormone receptors
Used most commonly as adjuvant and palliative therapy

Hormonal Drugs for Male-Specific Neoplasms

Antiandrogens: bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide
Antineoplastic hormone: estramustine

Nursing Implications

Assess baseline blood counts before administering antineoplastic drugs
Follow specific administration guidelines for each antineoplastic drug
Monitor for effects on mucous membranes, hair follicles, bone marrow component, and GI tract
Monitor for complications: stomatitis, altered bowel function, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and inflammation
Implement measures to monitor for and prevent infection in patients with neutropenia and leukemia
Implement measures to monitor for and prevent bleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia and anemia

CSS Drugs vs CSNS Drugs

CSS drugs kill only cancer-specific cells
CSNS drugs kill all cells

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

Various group of symptoms that cannot be directly attributed to the spread of a cancerous tumor
May be the first sign of malignancy
Examples: Cachexia (most common), Fatigue, Fever, Weight Loss

Cell Growth Cycle

G0: Resting Phase
G1: First Gap Phase
S: Synthesis Phase
G2: Second Gap Phase
M: Mitosis Phase (Cell Reproduction)

Chemotherapy

Pharmacologic treatment of cancer
Antineoplastic drugs divided into two groups based on where in the cellular life cycle they work
Cell cycle-nonspecific (CCNS) drugs: Cytotoxic in any phase of the cycle
Cell cycle-specific (CCS) drugs: Cytotoxic during a specific cell cycle phase

Chemotherapy Terms

Dose Limiting Adverse Effects: GI tract and bone marrow
Alopecia: Hair loss
Emetic Potential: Risk of potential nausea and vomiting
Prevention: Serve smaller, more frequent meals, give medication for nausea and vomiting, collaborate with dietician
Myelosuppression: Bone marrow suppression (BMS), Bone marrow depression
Nadir: Lowest point of WBC will reach during treatment
Extravasation: Leaking of antineoplastic drug into surrounding tissues during IV administration

Targeted Drug Therapy

Stomatitis: Ulcers in the mouth
Prevention of Extravasation: Continuous monitoring of the IV site, stop the infusion immediately and contact the prescriber if suspected

Antimetabolites

Inhibit cellular growth by interfering with the synthesis or actions of compounds critical to cellular reproduction
Examples: Folate (folic acid) antagonists, Methotrexate (MTX), Pemetrexed, Pralatrexate

Mitotic Inhibitors

Natural products obtained from the periwinkle plant
Used to treat a variety of solid tumors and some hematologic malignancies
Examples: Cabazitaxel (Jevtana), Eribulin (Halaven), Testicular, small cell lung, breast, ovarian, non-small cell lung cancers, Kaposi's sarcoma

Nursing Implications

Assess baseline blood counts before administering antineoplastic drugs
Follow specific administration guidelines for each antineoplastic drug
Monitor for effects on rapidly dividing cells (both normal and cancer cells)
Monitor for complications: GI mucous membranes, hair follicles, bone marrow components
Implement measures to monitor for and prevent infection in patients with neutropenia and leukemia
Implement measures to monitor for and prevent bleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia and anemia

Alkylating Drugs

Examples: Cisplatin, Cyclophosphamide, Mechlorethamine
Preventing cancer cells from reproducing by altering the chemical structure of the cells

Hormonal Drugs

Used to treat a variety of neoplasms in men and women
Examples: Antiandrogens, Estramustine, Tamoxifen
Patient education: Menopause symptoms up to 5 years of treatment, frequent blood count and liver test must be done

CSS Drugs vs CSNS Drugs

CSS drugs kill only cancer-specific cells
CSNS drugs kill all cells

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

Various group of symptoms that cannot be directly attributed to the spread of a cancerous tumor
May be the first sign of malignancy
Examples: Cachexia (most common), Fatigue, Fever, Weight Loss

Cell Growth Cycle

G0: Resting Phase
G1: First Gap Phase
S: Synthesis Phase
G2: Second Gap Phase
M: Mitosis Phase (Cell Reproduction)

Chemotherapy

Pharmacologic treatment of cancer
Antineoplastic drugs divided into two groups based on where in the cellular life cycle they work
Cell cycle-nonspecific (CCNS) drugs: Cytotoxic in any phase of the cycle
Cell cycle-specific (CCS) drugs: Cytotoxic during a specific cell cycle phase

Chemotherapy Terms

Dose Limiting Adverse Effects: GI tract and bone marrow
Alopecia: Hair loss
Emetic Potential: Risk of potential nausea and vomiting
Prevention: Serve smaller, more frequent meals, give medication for nausea and vomiting, collaborate with dietician
Myelosuppression: Bone marrow suppression (BMS), Bone marrow depression
Nadir: Lowest point of WBC will reach during treatment
Extravasation: Leaking of antineoplastic drug into surrounding tissues during IV administration

Targeted Drug Therapy

Stomatitis: Ulcers in the mouth
Prevention of Extravasation: Continuous monitoring of the IV site, stop the infusion immediately and contact the prescriber if suspected

Antimetabolites

Inhibit cellular growth by interfering with the synthesis or actions of compounds critical to cellular reproduction
Examples: Folate (folic acid) antagonists, Methotrexate (MTX), Pemetrexed, Pralatrexate

Mitotic Inhibitors

Natural products obtained from the periwinkle plant
Used to treat a variety of solid tumors and some hematologic malignancies
Examples: Cabazitaxel (Jevtana), Eribulin (Halaven), Testicular, small cell lung, breast, ovarian, non-small cell lung cancers, Kaposi's sarcoma

Nursing Implications

Assess baseline blood counts before administering antineoplastic drugs
Follow specific administration guidelines for each antineoplastic drug
Monitor for effects on rapidly dividing cells (both normal and cancer cells)
Monitor for complications: GI mucous membranes, hair follicles, bone marrow components
Implement measures to monitor for and prevent infection in patients with neutropenia and leukemia
Implement measures to monitor for and prevent bleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia and anemia

Alkylating Drugs

Examples: Cisplatin, Cyclophosphamide, Mechlorethamine
Preventing cancer cells from reproducing by altering the chemical structure of the cells

Hormonal Drugs

Used to treat a variety of neoplasms in men and women
Examples: Antiandrogens, Estramustine, Tamoxifen
Patient education: Menopause symptoms up to 5 years of treatment, frequent blood count and liver test must be done

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Test your knowledge of cancer treatment drugs, including CSS and CSNS, and the cell growth cycle. Learn about paraneoplastic syndromes and their symptoms.