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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of malignant cells?
What is the term for the spread of cancer cells through the lymphatic system?
What is the goal of primary prevention in cancer care?
What is an example of a carcinogenic agent?
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What is angiogenesis?
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What is the primary role of the immune system in cancer development?
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What is the result of uncontrolled cell growth in cancer?
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What is the goal of secondary prevention in cancer care?
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What is the main purpose of bone marrow transplantation in treating hematologic cancers?
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Which type of bone marrow transplantation involves the transfer of bone marrow from one identical twin to another?
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What is a common complication of bone marrow transplantation?
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What is the main purpose of secondary prevention in cancer care?
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What is a major concern when administering chemotherapy?
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What is the primary goal of curative cancer treatment?
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What is a common adverse effect of chemotherapy on the gastrointestinal system?
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What is a common nursing diagnosis for patients undergoing chemotherapy?
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What is the purpose of tumor staging in cancer diagnosis?
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What is the primary focus of hospice care?
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What is the primary goal of radiation therapy in cancer treatment?
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What is the purpose of a biopsy in cancer diagnosis?
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What is a common collaborative problem in patients with cancer?
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What is the primary goal of chemotherapy in cancer treatment?
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What is the purpose of patient and family education in nursing care of the patient undergoing radiation therapy?
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What is the purpose of prophylactic surgery in cancer treatment?
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Study Notes
Cancer: Definition and Characteristics
- Cancer is a disease process that begins with an abnormal cell transformation due to genetic mutation of cellular DNA.
- Abnormal cells have invasive characteristics, infiltrating other tissues through metastasis.
- Cancer cells are described as malignant, demonstrating uncontrolled growth that does not follow physiologic demand.
Malignant Process
- Cell proliferation: uncontrolled growth with the ability to metastasize and destroy tissue, leading to death.
- Cell characteristics: presence of tumor-specific antigens, altered shape, structure, and metabolism.
- Metastasis occurs through lymphatic spread, hematogenous spread, and angiogenesis.
Carcinogenic Agents and Factors
- Viruses and bacteria
- Physical factors: sunlight, radiation, chronic irritation
- Chemical agents: tobacco, asbestos
- Genetic and familial factors
- Diet
- Hormones
- Immune system dysregulation
Primary and Secondary Prevention
- Primary prevention: reducing cancer risk in healthy people through lifestyle and dietary changes, public and patient education, and avoiding known carcinogens.
- Secondary prevention: early detection and screening to achieve early diagnosis and intervention.
Diagnosis of Cancer
- Diagnostic tests: various types, including tumor staging and grading, TNM classification.
Cancer Management
- Cure
- Control
- Palliation
Surgical Treatment
- Diagnostic surgery
- Biopsy: excisional, needle, incisional
- Tumor removal: wide excision, local excision
- Prophylactic surgery
- Reconstructive surgery
Radiation Therapy
- Curative, control, or palliative
- External radiation
- Internal radiation
- Radiation reactions: effects on GI system, bone marrow, and systemic effects
- Long-term effects and tissue changes
Nursing Care of the Patient Undergoing Radiation Therapy
- Patient and family education
- Skin care
- Oral care
- Protection of care providers
Chemotherapy
- Agents used to destroy tumor cells by interfering with cellular function and replication
- Curative, control, or palliative
- Types of chemotherapeutic agents
Phases of Cell Cycle
Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT)
- Used for hematologic cancers that affect the marrow or solid tumors treated with ablative chemotherapy
- Types of BMT: allogenic, autologous, and syngeneic
- Graft-vs.-host disease
- Venous occlusive disease
Administration of Chemotherapy
- Routes of administration
- Problem of extravasation
- Risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalances
- Risk for infection
- Risk for bleeding
- Protection of caregivers
Adverse Effects of Chemotherapy
- Toxicity
- GI effects: nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, mucositis, stomatitis
- Hematopoietic effects: myelosuppression
- Renal damage
- Cardiopulmonary system: potential cardiac toxicities
- Reproductive system: potential sterility, potential reproductive cell abnormalities
- Neurologic effects
Common Nursing Diagnoses
- Impaired oral mucosa
- Impaired tissue integrity
- Imbalanced nutrition
- Chronic pain
- Fatigue
- Disturbed body image
- Coping diagnoses and anticipatory grief
Collaborative Problems
- Infection
- Bleeding
- Superior vena cava syndrome
- Hypercalcemia
- Spinal cord compression
- Pericardial effusion
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Hospice
- Comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to the care of patients with terminal illness and their families
- Focuses on quality of life, palliation of symptoms, and psychosocial and spiritual care
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Description
This quiz covers the nursing management of cancer care, including the disease process of cancer, its invasive characteristics, and metastasis.
