Oncology and Chemotherapy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is considered a surgical management option for a BRCA 1 & 2 positive patient?

  • Hormone Therapy
  • Chemotherapy
  • Targeted Therapy
  • Lumpectomy (correct)

    • What is the most common type of cancer associated with Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Syndrome?

  • Colon Cancer
  • Head and Neck Cancer
  • Lung Cancer (correct)
  • Breast Cancer

    • Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome?

  • Dyspnea
  • Unexplained Weight Loss (correct)
  • JVD
  • Facial Edema

    • What is a safety concern to consider when a patient has sealed radiation implants?

    <p>The patient may experience skin irritation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate action if a radioactive source is dislodged?

    <p>Use long-handled forceps to retrieve the source and deposit it in the lead container. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who can care for a patient undergoing internal radiation (brachytherapy)?

    <p>Only specially trained nurses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measures should be taken to protect others from exposure to radioactive excreta from a patient who has received systemic administration of a radionuclide?

    <p>Assign the patient to a private room with a private bath and place a caution sign on the door (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is a common presenting sign of lymphoma?

    <p>Severe itching (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the 7 warning signs of cancer?

    <p>Frequent headaches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of malignant neoplasms?

    <p>Can invade and destroy adjacent tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for colon cancer?

    <p>Obesity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of palliative care?

    <p>Control symptoms throughout the illness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following side effects is most commonly associated with chemotherapeutic agents?

    <p>Alopecia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to help manage mucositis/stomatitis during chemotherapy?

    <p>Rinse mouth with plain water or normal saline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should antiemetics be administered in relation to chemotherapy?

    <p>Before chemotherapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of hospice care?

    <p>Life expectancy of 6 months or less (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most critical nursing intervention in preventing extravasation of chemotherapy drugs?

    <p>Administering vesicant agents through central lines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indication of extravasation?

    <p>Resistance to IV flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a correct management step upon identifying extravasation?

    <p>Discontinue the infusion immediately (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)?

    <p>Positive sign of effective cancer treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key intervention for managing hyperkalemia in Tumor Lysis Syndrome?

    <p>Administering sodium polystyrene sulfonate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preventive measure should be taken for immunocompromised patients?

    <p>Implementing strict aseptic techniques (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should a head-to-toe patient assessment be performed on immunocompromised patients?

    <p>Every 8 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fluid intake is recommended daily for patients at risk of Tumor Lysis Syndrome?

    <p>3 liters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for autoimmune hemolytic anemias?

    <p>Corticosteroids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with thrombocytopenia?

    <p>Fatigue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key nursing intervention during a blood transfusion?

    <p>Remain with the patient for the first 15-30 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)?

    <p>Viral illness triggering immune response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition often necessitates therapeutic phlebotomy?

    <p>Chronic iron overload (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food is a good source of iron?

    <p>Lentils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a nurse educate a patient with thrombocytopenia to avoid doing?

    <p>Using a Valsalva maneuver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common sign of a sickle cell crisis?

    <p>Localized pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of care for a patient undergoing a bone marrow biopsy?

    <p>Preventing and monitoring for bleeding and infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to manage pain for a patient with leukemia?

    <p>Focus on energy conservation and mild analgesics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nutritional approach is recommended for leukemia patients?

    <p>High calorie, high vitamin, frequent soft meals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a low absolute neutrophil count (ANC) indicate in patients undergoing chemotherapy?

    <p>Increased risk of infection and possible pausing of chemotherapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can bruising be limited after a bone marrow biopsy?

    <p>Using ice packs on the biopsy site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Hodgkin's lymphoma compared to Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?

    <p>Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph nodes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken if a patient shows signs of infection during leukemia treatment?

    <p>Administer broad-spectrum antibiotics and monitor vital signs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a typical post-procedure recommendation for bone marrow biopsy patients regarding physical activity?

    <p>Avoid any contact sports for 48 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of transfusion reaction?

    <p>Febrile transfusion reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is associated with circulatory overload from transfusion?

    <p>Confusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory test is typically not used to monitor renal function?

    <p>Blood glucose levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI) in elderly patients?

    <p>Confusion and delirium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the first void in a 24-hour urine collection?

    <p>To discard potential contaminants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a hemolytic transfusion reaction, which symptom is considered most dangerous?

    <p>Hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should diabetics be monitored for to detect early signs of renal failure?

    <p>Microalbumin levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of bacterial transfusion reactions?

    <p>Chest pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    7 Warning Signs of Cancer

    Key symptoms indicating a potential diagnosis of cancer.

    Malignant Neoplasms

    Aggressive tumors that invade tissues, proliferate, and metastasize.

    Colon Cancer Risk Factors

    Factors increasing risk, divided into modifiable and non-modifiable.

    Modifiable Risk Factors

    Risk factors for colon cancer that can be changed or controlled.

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    Non-modifiable Risk Factors

    Risk factors for colon cancer beyond personal control.

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    Palliative Care

    Comprehensive care focused on symptom control and quality of life.

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    Hospice Care

    Care for those with a life expectancy of six months or less.

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    Chemotherapy Side Effects

    Common adverse effects include nausea, alopecia, and mucositis.

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    Alopecia

    Loss of hair, often due to chemotherapy, affecting body image.

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    Extravasation

    Leakage of chemotherapy drug into the surrounding tissue.

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    Indications of Extravasation

    Signs indicating leakage of drug include absence of blood return and swelling.

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    Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)

    Occurs when dying cancer cells release contents into the blood, signaling treatment success.

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    Effects of TLS

    Can lead to hyperkalemia and hyperuricemia, impacting heart and kidneys.

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    TLS Management

    Management includes hydration, diuretics, and potentially dialysis.

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    Immunocompromised Patients

    Patients with weakened immune systems requiring special care and precautions.

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    Nursing Intervention for Extravasation

    Key action is to stop infusion and aspirate the site.

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    BM Biopsy Care

    Monitor for bleeding/infection post-biopsy; apply sterile dressing.

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    Leukemia

    Cancer characterized by uncontrolled immature WBC production in bone marrow.

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    ANC

    Absolute Neutrophil Count; indicates neutrophil levels, low ANC increases infection risk.

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    Neutropenia

    Abnormally low ANC, leading to increased risk of infection.

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    Hodgkin's Lymphoma

    Type of lymphoma with Reed-Sternberg cells, typically presents with one swollen node.

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    Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

    All lymphoid cancers without Reed-Sternberg cells.

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    Pain Management (Leukemia)

    Essential care aspect involving the control of pain in leukemia patients.

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    Nutrition for Leukemia Patients

    Diet should be high calorie, high vitamin, frequent meals; soft texture recommended.

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    Lymphadenopathy Symptoms

    Enlargement of lymph nodes, fever, weight loss, itching, fatigue.

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    BRCA 1 & 2 Treatment Options

    Includes medical and surgical management like chemotherapy and mastectomy.

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    Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

    Compression of the SVC causing edema, JVD, and dyspnea.

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    Signs of SVC Syndrome

    Facial edema, engorged blood vessels, upper body edema, etc.

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    Brachytherapy Safety

    Patient is radioactive post-treatment; special care is needed.

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    Radiation Excretion Rules

    Patient’s excreta can be radioactive; precautions necessary.

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    Caregivers for Radiation Patients

    Only trained individuals can care for radioactive patients; special guidelines exist.

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    Dislodged Radioactive Source

    Use long-handled forceps to retrieve and avoid direct contact.

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    Sickle Cell Crisis

    A painful episode in sickle cell disease triggered by low oxygen levels.

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    Prevention of Sickle Cell Crisis

    Strategies including avoiding sick contacts, temperature extremes, and maintaining hydration.

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    Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)

    An autoimmune disorder causing low platelet counts and bruising.

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    Thrombocytopenia Platelet Count

    A condition defined as having fewer than 150,000 platelets per microliter of blood.

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    Signs of Thrombocytopenia

    Symptoms include petechiae, purpura, and prolonged bleeding.

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    First-line treatment for Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

    Corticosteroids are used to suppress the immune response.

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    Therapeutic Phlebotomy

    Procedure of removing blood to treat conditions like polycythemia vera.

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    Blood Transfusion Monitoring

    Vital signs should be monitored closely during and after transfusion.

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    Febrile Transfusion Reaction

    The most common transfusion reaction caused by anti-WBC antibodies, presenting chills, fever, and hypotension.

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    Bacterial Transfusion Reaction

    Reactions due to contaminated blood products, leading to tachycardia, fever, and shock.

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    Circulatory Overload

    Occurs when blood products are infused too quickly, causing dyspnea and hypertension.

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    Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction

    The most dangerous reaction, caused by blood type/ Rh incompatibility, presenting with fever and chest pain.

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    Allergic Transfusion Reaction

    Reactions in patients with allergies causing urticaria, bronchospasm, or anaphylaxis.

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    Renal Function Tests

    Tests like serum creatinine and BUN to monitor kidney function.

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    UTI Symptoms

    Signs like burning urination, frequency, and back pain, especially noted in elderly patients.

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    24-Hour Urine Collection

    A procedure where the first void is discarded to measure substances in urine over 24 hours.

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    Study Notes

    Oncology

    • Cancer warning signs include changes in bowel/bladder habits, sores that don't heal, unusual bleeding, thickening/lumps, indigestion, swallowing problems, and changes in moles or warts.
    • Common cancer characteristics are aggressive invasion and destruction of adjacent tissues, high proliferation rate, and metastasis to distant sites.
    • Modifiable colon cancer risk factors include obesity, smoking, alcohol use, and red meat consumption.
    • Non-modifiable colon cancer risk factors include male sex, family history of polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and specific ethnicities such as African American and Ashkenazi Jewish people.
    • Hospice care is for patients with a life expectancy of six months or less. Palliative care addresses symptoms, family support, and psychosocial needs throughout an illness, including bereavement care.

    Chemotherapy Side Effects

    • Common chemotherapy side effects include nausea, vomiting, hair loss and mucositis/stomatitis.
    • Interventions such as premedication with antiemetics and oral hygiene measures during chemotherapy can reduce side effects.

    Extravasation

    • Extravasation is the leakage of chemotherapy drugs into the surrounding tissues.
    • Prevention is critical, as vesicants (chemotherapy drugs that cause tissue damage) should not be administered in peripheral veins of the hands or wrists.
    • PICCs or implanted access devices should be used for prolonged administration.
    • Indicators of extravasation include absence of blood return from the IV, resistance to IV flow, and local pain, swelling, or redness at the site.

    Tumor Lysis Syndrome

    • Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) occurs when cancer cells are destroyed and released into the bloodstream, often after cancer treatment.
    • Early treatment and prevention are beneficial.

    Hyperkalemia and Hyperuricemia

    • Hyperkalemia (high potassium) and hyperuricemia (high uric acid) can cause severe end-organ damage, primarily affecting the cardiovascular system, kidneys, and central nervous system.
    • Hydration therapy, allopurinol, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, glucose, and insulin infusions may be used to treat these complications.
    • In some cases dialysis may be necessary.

    Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVC)

    • SVC syndrome develops when a tumor compresses the superior vena cava, the large vein returning blood from the upper body to the heart.
    • Early symptoms include facial swelling, particularly around the eyes, and periorbital edema.
    • Progressive SVC syndrome results in upper body edema, upper body dyspnea, and other symptoms, including neck vein distention, erythema, epistaxis.

    Radiation Therapy

    • Sealed radiation sources (implants) require safety precautions due to the radioactive nature of the implants
    • The patient is radioactive, but not excreting the radiation.
    • Non-sealed radiation therapy involves an external radiation beam aimed at specific areas of the body.
    • Precautions such as limiting time, discouraging pregnant staff and visitors, and separating visitors from the source are essential to mitigate side effects or exposure risks.

    Brachytherapy

    • Patients undergoing brachytherapy are radioactive, and guidelines for safe handling and care, including patient assignment, private rooms, caution signs, dosimeter badges, and lead aprons, are implemented.

    Adverse Effects of Radiation

    • Skin reactions like dermatitis are common, as well as other effects such as alopecia, stomatitis, xerostomia, loss of taste, fatigue, malaise, anorexia, nausea, and possible fibrosis or scarring of surrounding tissue.

    Hematology

    • Anemia is a low red blood cell count resulting in insufficient oxygen delivery to the body tissues. Anemia can be microcytic (small red blood cells) or macrocytic (large red blood cells).
    • Megaloblastic anemias often result from vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies.
    • Symptoms of megaloblastic anemia include fatigue, weakness, pallor, and tingling or numbness in the extremities resulting from nerve damage.
    • Microcytic anemias often result from iron deficiency.
    • Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, pallor, brittle nails, and pica (craving or eating non-food items).

    Sickle Cell Crisis

    • Sickle cell crisis is characterized by vaso-occlusive events in the small blood vessels.
    • It is triggered by factors that cause local or systemic hypoxia; these include infections, dehydration, and temperature extremes.
    • Treatment often involves managing symptoms through medication (pain relievers, oxygen therapy, blood transfusions).

    Thrombocytopenia

    • Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a low platelet count.
    • This condition can be caused by various factors, including autoimmune diseases, medications, and some infections.
    • Symptoms are related to easy bruising, bleeding, and petechiae.

    Blood Transfusions

    • Assessment of vital signs before and during transfusions is extremely important, including hourly checks to identify complications or reactions.
    • Interventions for blood transfusion reactions such as febrile reactions, bacterial reactions, circulatory overload, hemolytic reactions, and allergic reactions are critical for patient safety.
    • In case of acute reaction, immediately discontinue, notify doctor, monitor vitals, and provide supportive care.
    • Careful monitoring is essential for the care of patients receiving blood transfusions to maintain safe and efficient treatment.
    • Potential reactions include chills, tachycardia, fever, hypotension, tachypnea resulting from anti-WBC antibodies in the blood; bacterial contamination leads to tachycardia, hypotension, infection, and shock; and circulatory overload (dyspnea, bounding pulse, high blood pressure).
    • Hemolytic reactions involve blood type or Rh incompatibility, resulting in fever, chills, apprehension, headache, chest pain, low back pain, and impending doom.

    Renal Function

    • Renal function is assessed using specific lab tests such as specific gravity, 24-hour urine tests, and serum creatinine levels.
    • These tests help to monitor kidney function and detect potential problems in glomerular filtration or tubular function.

    Acute Pyelonephritis

    • Acute pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidney characterized by structural deformities or an obstruction, causing issues with bacterial infections.
    • Risk factors include recurrent UTIs, pregnancy, enlarged prostate, and immunosuppression.
    • Chronic pyelonephritis results from structural issues like reflux and obstructions.
    • Symptoms include fatigue, headache, poor appetite, excessive thirst, weight loss, hypertension (potentially end-stage renal disease), nocturia (frequent urination at night), and possible electrolyte imbalances (hyperkalemia).

    Chronic Prostatitis

    • Chronic prostatitis is a persistent inflammation of the prostate.
    • Symptoms include chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) and other symptoms, such as frequency, urgency, hesitancy, nocturia, and urethral discharge.
    • Treatment varies but often addresses symptoms through antibiotics, and other medications, and may include avoiding irritating foods and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

    Nephrolithiasis

    • Nephrolithiasis involves the formation of kidney stones within the urinary tract.
    • Risk factors may include family history, dehydration, obesity, high calcium intake, and certain dietary patterns.
    • Manifestations often involve pain in the flank, abdomen, back, or groin, which may spread to the genitals or inner thigh.
    • Diagnosis often involves urine tests, blood tests, ultrasound or CT, to aid in determining the nature of the stones, location, and treatment plan.
    • Treatment involves hydration measures, medications or surgical intervention to remove the stones.

    Ileal Conduit

    • This is a urinary diversion procedure.
    • Nursing care includes monitoring urine output and providing proper stoma care.
    • Skin care and managing potential complications are vital to patient well-being.

    Intravenous Urography

    • Intravenous urography is a procedure in which a contrast agent is injected into the vein, and X-rays are taken to visualize the urinary tract.
    • Important patient preparations include allergy assessment (to contrast dyes, eggs, milk, shellfish) and discontinuation of medications (e.g., metformin) to reduce risks.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the warning signs of cancer, common characteristics, risk factors, and the important aspects of hospice and palliative care. Additionally, explore the side effects of chemotherapy and their impact on patients. This quiz covers essential concepts in oncology and patient care.

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