Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes

Which of the following is true regarding the mutation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes?

A patient is diagnosed with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Based on the information, which of the following genes is most likely to be implicated in this patient's condition?

A researcher is studying a novel cancer therapy that aims to restore the function of a tumor suppressor protein. If the therapy is successful, which of the following outcomes would be expected?

A patient presents with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Which of the following genes is most likely to be mutated in this patient?

Which of the following tumor suppressor genes, when mutated, leads to inhibition of E2F and cell cycle arrest at the G1 to S phase transition?

A researcher is investigating potential drug targets for cancer therapy. They are particularly interested in proteins that, when inhibited, can block the cell cycle. Based on the provided information, which of the following proteins would be the MOST suitable target?

Based on the information, which of the following genes is associated with both medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma?

A scientist is studying the role of tumor suppressor genes in cancer development. According to the concept of the Knudson 2-hit hypothesis, what is the critical requirement for a tumor suppressor gene to contribute to cancer development?

A researcher is investigating the genetic basis of various cancers. They identify a gene that, when mutated, leads to increased cancer risk. However, the protein encoded by this gene inhibits apoptosis. Based on this information, which type of gene is MOST likely involved?

A patient is diagnosed with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Based on the information provided, which of the following genes is most likely involved in the pathogenesis of this condition?

A patient is diagnosed with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Based on the information, which of the following genes is most likely to be mutated in this patient, contributing to the development of multiple malignancies at an early age?

A researcher discovers a novel mutation in a gene that encodes for a protein that inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor 1a. Based on the provided information, in which of the following conditions is this gene MOST likely to be involved?

A researcher is studying the role of the APC gene in colorectal cancer development. Which of the following functions is directly associated with the APC gene product?

A patient is diagnosed with a cancer that is found to have a significantly increased number of ribosomes per cell as well as a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Based on the table, a mutation in which one of the following genes is the most likely cause of this patient's cancer?

Which of the following oncogenes, when activated, is MOST directly involved in signal transduction pathways related to cell growth and is commonly associated with melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and colorectal carcinoma?

Which of the following tumor suppressor genes encodes a protein that directly regulates the transition from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle by activating p21?

A researcher is studying a gene that encodes a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase. They discover that a mutation in this gene leads to constitutive activation of the kinase, even in the absence of ligand binding. Which of the following neoplasms is MOST likely associated with this mutation?

Which of the following proteins, when mutated, leads to Neurofibromatosis type 2 and functions as a protein?

A researcher is investigating a novel therapeutic target for cancer treatment. They are interested in a protein that, when inhibited, can promote apoptosis in cancer cells. Based on the information, which of the following proteins would be the MOST suitable target?

Which of the following tumor suppressor genes is associated with breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancers, and encodes for proteins involved in DNA repair?

Which of the following genes encodes for a negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT pathway and is associated with cancers of the prostate, breast, and endometrium?

A researcher is studying a gene whose product is deleted in pancreatic cancer. This gene product is also found to be deleted in colorectal cancer. Based on the information provided, which of the following genes is MOST likely being studied?

A clinician is evaluating a young patient suspected of having a genetic predisposition to cancer. The patient's family history indicates a high incidence of various malignancies, including sarcoma, breast cancer, and leukemia, emerging at an early age. Mutation in which of the following genes is MOST likely responsible for this patient's condition?

A researcher is investigating the role of the JAK2 gene in the pathogenesis of various hematological malignancies. What type of protein does the JAK2 gene encode?

Which of the following neoplasms is associated with mutations that constitutively activate a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, leading to increased cell proliferation and survival?

Which of the following genes, when mutated, is most likely to cause Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)?

Which of the following proto-oncogenes encodes a RAS GTPase that, when mutated, is associated with pancreatic, colorectal, lung, and endometrial cancers?

A researcher is analyzing the expression profiles of various genes in cancer cells. They observe a significant overexpression of a transcription factor that leads to increased cell proliferation and tumor growth. Based on the information, which of the following genes is MOST likely overexpressed?

A 5-year-old child is diagnosed with neuroblastoma. Based on the information, which gene is most likely implicated in the development of this cancer?

A patient presents with CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia). Based on the information, which of the following genetic translocations is most likely present in the patient's leukemic cells?

A researcher is studying the function of the protein encoded by the VHL gene. Which of the following processes is directly regulated by this protein?

A patient is diagnosed with a form of cancer related to an antiapoptotic molecule. Based on the information, which of the following genes is most likely to be involved?

Which of the following genes, when mutated, is associated with colorectal cancer due to deletion of the gene product?

A young patient is diagnosed with Burkitt lymphoma. Based on the information provided, a mutation in which of the following genes is MOST likely driving the development of this malignancy?

A student is creating a presentation on genes associated with specific cancers. They want to include a slide describing the associations for the RET gene. Which of the following neoplasms should the student include on that slide?

A researcher is comparing gene expression profiles between normal cells and cancer cells. They identify a gene that is significantly downregulated in cancer cells. The protein encoded by this gene inhibits cell cycle progression and promotes apoptosis. Based on the information, which of the following genes is MOST likely downregulated in the cancer cells?

What is the MOST consequential difference between the mechanisms by which proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes contribute to tumorigenesis?

A researcher is investigating a novel cancer therapy targeting the Wnt signaling pathway. If the therapy successfully inhibits this pathway in colorectal cancer cells, which of the following genes is MOST likely being targeted?

A researcher is investigating the role of the VHL gene in renal cell carcinoma. If the VHL gene is inactivated, which of the following downstream effects is MOST likely to occur?

A patient is diagnosed with follicular lymphoma, characterized by a chromosomal translocation t(14;18). Which of the following cellular proteins is MOST directly affected by this translocation, leading to decreased apoptosis?

A researcher is studying potential therapeutic interventions for retinoblastoma. Targeting which of the following proteins would MOST directly restore normal cell cycle regulation in retinoblastoma cells?

A research team is investigating the role of the TP53 gene in cancer prevention. Which of the following cellular responses is MOST directly mediated by TP53 activation in response to DNA damage?

A patient is diagnosed with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) harboring the t(9;22) translocation. Which of the following proteins is MOST directly affected by this translocation, leading to increased and unregulated tyrosine kinase activity?

A researcher is investigating potential drug targets for Burkitt lymphoma. Which of the following proteins, influenced by the t(8;14) translocation, would be the MOST appropriate to target in order to inhibit the dysregulated cell proliferation characteristic of this cancer?

A scientist aims to develop a targeted therapy for renal cell carcinoma associated with VHL gene mutations. Which of the following downstream molecular events should the therapy MOST directly address to effectively treat this type of cancer?

Researchers are studying the effects of Cyclin D overexpression in mantle cell lymphoma. Which of the following mechanisms BEST explains how Cyclin D contributes to uncontrolled cell proliferation in this malignancy?

A researcher is investigating novel therapeutic targets for cancers with mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Which cellular process would be MOST directly affected by inhibiting proteins that interact with BRCA1 and BRCA2?

A patient presents with Polycythemia vera. Considering the proto-oncogenes listed, a mutation in which of the following is MOST likely implicated in this patient's condition?

A patient is diagnosed with Wilms tumor. Based on the tumor suppressor genes listed, mutation in which of the following genes is MOST likely responsible for this patient's condition?

A patient presents with Retinoblastoma and Osteosarcoma. Based on the information, mutation in which of the following genes is MOST likely responsible for this patient's condition?

A researcher is studying targeted therapies for cancers involving anti-apoptotic proteins. Based on the proto-oncogenes listed, which neoplasms should the researcher include in their study?

A researcher is studying mutations in cancers associated with signal transduction pathways. Based on the genes listed, which cancers should the researcher include in their study?

A researcher discovers that a novel cancer cell line has a mutation upregulating urogenital differentiation. Based on information from the image, what downstream effect is most likely?

A researcher is studying cancers associated with the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1a. According to the image, what clinical outcome is LEAST likely?

A researcher is developing therapies for tumors associated with chromosomal mutations. Based on the information, a therapy for which condition should be included?

A researcher is investigating methods of stimulating DNA repair in tumor cells. Based on the information from the image, which gene should the researcher focus on stimulating?