Oncogenes and Cancer Quiz

Mutated forms of normal genes (proto-oncogenes) that promote cancer.

Normal genes that can become oncogenes through mutation.

Increased production of proteins from oncogenes that leads to cancer.

A signal transduction protein involved in cell growth, often mutated in cancers.

A protein receptor that, when overexpressed, is linked to several cancers, including squamous cell carcinoma.

A single nucleotide change in DNA that can activate oncogenes like RAS proteins.

A segment of DNA is moved from one location to another, causing oncogene activation.

A process resulting in multiple copies of a gene, leading to increased protein production.

Genetic rearrangements involving chromosome segments exchanged between different chromosomes, linked to malignancies.

Chromosomal translocation (9;22) that results in the fusion of BCR and ABL genes, commonly associated with CML.

In acute leukemias (AML and ALL), translocations involve chromosomes like (4;11) and (6;11), affecting the MLL gene.

Translocation (8;14) involving c-myc and IgH genes, contributing to Burkitt lymphoma.

Genes that help regulate cell growth and promote apoptosis, acting as gatekeepers in cancer prevention.

Gatekeepers are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes; caretakers are DNA repair genes preventing mutations.

Both initiators (carcinogens) and promoters are needed for carcinogenesis; initiators cause mutations while promoters enhance proliferation.

Cancer development involves multiple steps, with no single oncogene causing cancer; many genes are involved in tumor progression.

A genetic alteration linked to Burkitt lymphoma.

Activates DNA repair proteins and initiates apoptosis, critical for cell cycle regulation.

A family of genes that encode for transcription factors involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis.

An enzyme that extends telomeres, allowing unlimited cell replication in many cancers.

The process by which new blood vessels form, crucial for tumor growth.

The spread of cancer cells from the primary site to distant body parts.

Mutations in genes responsible for repairing DNA, increasing cancer risk.

Chemicals that cause cancer, categorized as initiators and promoters.

Substances that can cause the first cellular changes leading to cancer.

Agents that further encourage the growth of initiated cancer cells.

Types of radiation that can lead to cancer, such as UV and ionizing radiation.

The process by which certain viruses induce cancer in host cells.

Association of H. pylori infection with gastric cancers and lymphomas.

The immune system's ability to identify and destroy cancer cells.

A syndrome involving significant weight loss and muscle wasting due to cancer.

A skin condition characterized by dark, velvety patches, often linked to insulin resistance or malignancy.

A condition caused by excess cortisol, often from adrenal tumors or small cell lung carcinoma.

High calcium levels in the blood, commonly caused by certain cancers like squamous cell carcinoma.

A condition where excess ADH causes water retention and hyponatremia, often seen in lung tumors.

Refers to how differentiated cancer cells are, indicating their aggressiveness.