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What is a system, and how is it differentiated from its surroundings?
What is a system, and how is it differentiated from its surroundings?
A system is a collection of material objects, enclosed from the surrounding area.
Describe the main difference between an isolated system and a closed system.
Describe the main difference between an isolated system and a closed system.
An isolated system does not exchange matter or energy with the surroundings, while a closed system shares only energy with the surroundings.
What is energy, and how is it related to matter movement?
What is energy, and how is it related to matter movement?
Energy is the measure of matter movement while its transforming from one form to another.
Distinguish between mechanical energy and thermal energy.
Distinguish between mechanical energy and thermal energy.
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What is work, and how is it related to energy conversion?
What is work, and how is it related to energy conversion?
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How does mechanical work relate to mechanical forces?
How does mechanical work relate to mechanical forces?
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What is the primary function of chemical work in the synthesis of high molecular substances?
What is the primary function of chemical work in the synthesis of high molecular substances?
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Describe the process of generating primary heat, and provide an example of it.
Describe the process of generating primary heat, and provide an example of it.
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What is the main difference between reversible and irreversible thermodynamic processes?
What is the main difference between reversible and irreversible thermodynamic processes?
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What is the definition of entropy in thermodynamic systems?
What is the definition of entropy in thermodynamic systems?
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What is the condition of thermodynamic equilibrium, and how does it relate to entropy?
What is the condition of thermodynamic equilibrium, and how does it relate to entropy?
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What is the key difference between thermodynamic equilibrium and steady state?
What is the key difference between thermodynamic equilibrium and steady state?
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Study Notes
Systems
- A system is a collection of material objects enclosed from the surrounding area.
Types of Systems
- Isolated System: does not exchange matter or energy with the surroundings
- Closed System: shares only energy with the surroundings
- Open System: shares matter and energy with the surroundings
Energy
- Energy is the measure of matter movement while transforming from one form to another
Types of Energy
- Mechanical Energy: describes the movement of macro body and its ability to perform work during movement (Kinetic and Potential energy)
- Thermal Energy: the sum of energies of thermal chaotic movements of atoms and molecules of a substance
- Chemical Energy: the energy of interaction of atoms and molecules
- Electrical Energy: the energy of interaction of electrically charged particles, which causes their motion in electric field
Work
- Work is the measure of energy conversion from one form to another
Types of Work
- Mechanical Work: performed during the displacement of body components and organs against mechanical forces
- Chemical Work: performed during the synthesis of various kinds of high molecular substances and various types of chemical reactions
- Osmotic Work: the work done by transferring various substances through membranes from the area of low concentration into the area of high concentration
- Electrical Work: the work done by transferring of charged particles through electric field in points with different potential and during the production of electric power
First Law of Thermodynamics
- States that total energy of material system remains constant despite the changes developed in this system
- Mathematical Formulation: ΔE = Q - W (change in energy equals heat added minus work done)
Heat Generation
- Primary Heat: produced during the dissipation of energy during metabolism
- Secondary Heat: electrical energy is consumed to overcome electrical resistance of tissues while electric current is flowing through them and is converted into heat
Second Law of Thermodynamics
- All processes of energy conversion are accompanied by energy dissipation in the form of heat
- Energy dissipated is not able to be converted to other forms of energy
Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Reversible Process: a thermodynamic process that can be reversed to its initial state without energy input from outside
- Irreversible Process: a thermodynamic process that requires external energy to return to its initial state
Entropy
- The ratio of heat amount Q, which is produced during the isothermal process to value of absolute temperature T
Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Steady State
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium: the condition of the system where free energy equals zero, while entropy is maximum
- Steady State: the state of the system where the parameters of the system do not change, but the exchange of matter and energy occurs
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of systems, including isolated, closed, and open systems, as well as the different types of energy. Test your knowledge on the concepts of energy and systems!
