Quiz on Systems and Energy Types

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Questions and Answers

What is a system, and how is it differentiated from its surroundings?

A system is a collection of material objects, enclosed from the surrounding area.

Describe the main difference between an isolated system and a closed system.

An isolated system does not exchange matter or energy with the surroundings, while a closed system shares only energy with the surroundings.

What is energy, and how is it related to matter movement?

Energy is the measure of matter movement while its transforming from one form to another.

Distinguish between mechanical energy and thermal energy.

Mechanical energy is the energy describing the movement of macro bodies and their ability to perform work during movement, while thermal energy is the sum of energies of thermal chaotic movements of atoms and molecules of a substance. Signup and view all the answers

What is work, and how is it related to energy conversion?

Work is the measure of energy conversion from one form to another. Signup and view all the answers

How does mechanical work relate to mechanical forces?

Mechanical work is performed during the displacement of body components and organs against mechanical forces. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chemical work in the synthesis of high molecular substances?

Chemical work is performed during the synthesis of various kinds of high molecular substances and various types of chemical reactions. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of generating primary heat, and provide an example of it.

Primary heat is produced during the dissipation of energy during metabolism, such as the energy used by the heart for blood circulation being consumed to overcome friction in blood vessels and released in the form of heat. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between reversible and irreversible thermodynamic processes?

Reversible processes do not convert system energy into heat, while irreversible processes are characterized by energy dissipation in the form of heat. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of entropy in thermodynamic systems?

Entropy is the ratio of heat amount Q, which is produced during the isothermal process, to the value of absolute temperature T, where the process is finished. Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition of thermodynamic equilibrium, and how does it relate to entropy?

Thermodynamic equilibrium is the condition of the system where free energy equals zero, while entropy is maximum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between thermodynamic equilibrium and steady state?

Thermodynamic equilibrium is a state of maximum entropy and minimum free energy, whereas steady state is a state where the parameters of the system do not change, but the exchange of energy and matter continues. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Systems

A system is a collection of material objects enclosed from the surrounding area.

Types of Systems

Isolated System: does not exchange matter or energy with the surroundings
Closed System: shares only energy with the surroundings
Open System: shares matter and energy with the surroundings

Energy

Energy is the measure of matter movement while transforming from one form to another

Types of Energy

Mechanical Energy: describes the movement of macro body and its ability to perform work during movement (Kinetic and Potential energy)
Thermal Energy: the sum of energies of thermal chaotic movements of atoms and molecules of a substance
Chemical Energy: the energy of interaction of atoms and molecules
Electrical Energy: the energy of interaction of electrically charged particles, which causes their motion in electric field

Work

Work is the measure of energy conversion from one form to another

Types of Work

Mechanical Work: performed during the displacement of body components and organs against mechanical forces
Chemical Work: performed during the synthesis of various kinds of high molecular substances and various types of chemical reactions
Osmotic Work: the work done by transferring various substances through membranes from the area of low concentration into the area of high concentration
Electrical Work: the work done by transferring of charged particles through electric field in points with different potential and during the production of electric power

First Law of Thermodynamics

States that total energy of material system remains constant despite the changes developed in this system
Mathematical Formulation: ΔE = Q - W (change in energy equals heat added minus work done)

Heat Generation

Primary Heat: produced during the dissipation of energy during metabolism
Secondary Heat: electrical energy is consumed to overcome electrical resistance of tissues while electric current is flowing through them and is converted into heat

Second Law of Thermodynamics

All processes of energy conversion are accompanied by energy dissipation in the form of heat
Energy dissipated is not able to be converted to other forms of energy

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

Reversible Process: a thermodynamic process that can be reversed to its initial state without energy input from outside
Irreversible Process: a thermodynamic process that requires external energy to return to its initial state

Entropy

The ratio of heat amount Q, which is produced during the isothermal process to value of absolute temperature T

Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Steady State

Thermodynamic Equilibrium: the condition of the system where free energy equals zero, while entropy is maximum
Steady State: the state of the system where the parameters of the system do not change, but the exchange of matter and energy occurs

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of systems, including isolated, closed, and open systems, as well as the different types of energy. Test your knowledge on the concepts of energy and systems!