On Superstitions by A.G. Gardiner Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main argument made by the author in the essay 'On Superstitions'?

  • Human beings are gullible and prone to superstitions (correct)
  • Superstitions are a product of modern society
  • Superstitions are based on rational thinking
  • Superstitions are a result of lack of education

What is the tone of the essay 'On Superstitions'?

  • Somber and serious
  • Formal and objective
  • Lucid and satirical (correct)
  • Critical and judgmental

What is the title of the collection of essays in which A.G. Gardiner's essay 'On Superstitions' was published?

  • The Beta of the Plough
  • The Alpha of the Plough
  • The Alpha of the Plough: Second Series (correct)
  • The Essays of A.G. Gardiner

What is the author's purpose in using the example of the murder at house number 13?

<p>To show the absurdity of superstitions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's attitude towards superstitions?

<p>The author is critical of superstitions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the law of averages in the context of the essay?

<p>It shows that superstitions are irrational (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial condition of the patient when brought into hospital?

<p>A sheer wreck (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the pimple on the patient's nose?

<p>It triggered a mental state that hindered his recovery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the author hesitate to swear that they are immune to superstitions?

<p>They are aware of their own vulnerabilities to superstitions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is significant about bus number 13?

<p>The author regularly uses it and has not experienced any issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the author choose to walk around a ladder leaning against a house?

<p>Out of superstition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's justification for avoiding walking under ladders?

<p>To protect their family from potential harm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's attitude towards the remnants of superstition in modern times?

<p>Disapproving (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why superstition was not considered a discredit in the past?

<p>Because the functions of nature were unexplored and man seemed to be controlled by unknown forces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the author's mention of turning over money in their hand?

<p>It illustrates the persistence of unconscious habits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did people in the past view natural phenomena?

<p>As a way to relate to their own existence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the examples of Pompey and the battle postponement mentioned in the text?

<p>They illustrate the way superstition was used to manipulate others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the author's statement that 'hands have habits of their own'?

<p>That people's unconscious habits can contradict their conscious beliefs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between the ancient Greeks and Romans, and people of the modern era, according to the author?

<p>Their ability to jest at superstitions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's main point about the role of fortune-tellers in ancient societies?

<p>They were highly respected and influential (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the author's statement about the farmer of ancient Greece?

<p>The farmer was highly superstitious (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author imply about the significance of the natural world in ancient societies?

<p>It was a source of guidance and wisdom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's view on the relative merits of ancient and modern societies?

<p>Modern societies are superior to ancient ones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the author's mention of the House of Commons and the clap of thunder?

<p>It illustrates the difference between ancient and modern attitudes towards superstition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying reason for the absence of house number 13 in many streets and hospitals?

<p>The psychological impact of superstition on the mind and body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the fact that some landlords avoid numbering their houses 13?

<p>That the superstition around the number 13 still has an impact on people's decisions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Florence Nightingale's advocacy of flowers in the sick bedroom?

<p>To create a certain state of mind in the patient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea expressed in the quote from Florence Nightingale?

<p>Physical recovery is a matter of the mind as well as the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tone of the passage when discussing the superstition surrounding the number 13?

<p>Amused and slightly sarcastic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implied consequence of having a hospital bed numbered 13?

<p>Patients may experience a slight set back in their recovery due to superstition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Human Gullibility

The idea that humans are easily deceived and susceptible to unfounded beliefs.

Satirical Tone

A writing style employing humor and irony to highlight flaws or absurdity.

The Alpha of the Plough: Second Series

A collection of essays by A.G. Gardiner, featuring 'On Superstitions'.

Murder at House Number 13

To show the irrationality of superstitious beliefs, using a murder as an example.

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Critical Attitude Towards Superstition

A critical stance towards unfounded beliefs, often based on fear or ignorance.

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Law of Averages

A statistical principle suggesting that random events tend to balance out over time, challenging the idea of lucky or unlucky numbers.

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A Sheer Wreck

The patient was in a very weak and fragile state.

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Significance of the Pimple

The pimple's appearance triggered a negative mindset, hindering the patient's recovery.

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Vulnerability to Superstition

The author acknowledges their vulnerability to superstitious beliefs, despite attempting to be rational.

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Significance of Bus Number 13

The author regularly uses bus number 13 without incident, highlighting the irrationality of fearing it.

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Walking Around a Ladder

Out of fear of bad luck, the author chooses to walk around a ladder, demonstrating the power of superstition.

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Justification for Avoiding Ladders

To protect their family from potential harm associated with walking under ladders.

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Disapproving Attitude Towards Modern Superstition

Disapproval towards the continuation of superstitious beliefs in modern society.

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Superstition in the Past

Superstition was not seen as a flaw in the past due to limited scientific understanding and the perceived influence of unknown forces.

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Turning Over Money

This action symbolizes the persistence of unconscious habits driven by superstition, even among those who claim to be rational.

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Natural Phenomena in the Past

People in the past saw natural events as signs related to their own lives, influencing their actions and beliefs.

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Pompey and Battle Postponement

These examples showcase how superstition was used to manipulate others through fear and belief in omens.

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Hands Have Habits

This statement reveals a conflict between conscious and unconscious beliefs, often influenced by long-held superstitions.

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Ancient Greeks and Romans vs. Modern Era

The ancient world, unlike the modern era, embraced superstition as a part of life and humorously accepted its absurdity.

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Role of Fortune Tellers

The author highlights the significant influence of fortune tellers in ancient societies, where they were highly respected and consulted for guidance.

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Superstitious Farmer

This statement suggests the farmer, like most individuals in the past, was deeply entrenched in superstitious beliefs about the natural world.

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Significance of Natural World

The natural world was seen as a source of knowledge and guidance, where each event had a deeper meaning that influenced actions and decisions.

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Modern vs. Ancient Societies

The author believes modern societies are superior due to their more rational approach and understanding of the world, leaving behind superstitious beliefs.

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House of Commons and the Clap of Thunder

The author uses the example of the House of Commons and a clap of thunder to illustrate the changing attitudes towards superstition between ancient and modern times.

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Psychological Impact of Number 13

The fear of number 13 has a significant impact on people's minds, affecting their choices and even their physical well-being.

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Landlords Avoiding Number 13

This highlights the enduring influence of the superstition surrounding number 13, as landlords avoid assigning it to houses out of fear of bad luck.

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Florence Nightingale and Flowers

Florence Nightingale advocated for flowers in hospital rooms to positively impact the patient's mindset, emphasizing the connection between mental well-being and recovery.

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Mental and Physical Recovery

This quote emphasizes that physical healing depends on the mind's state as much as the body's condition, highlighting the impact of mental factors on recovery.

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Amused Tone

The passage uses a humorous, slightly mocking tone while discussing the continuing belief in the unluckiness of number 13, despite its apparent absurdity.

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Consequences of Number 13 in Hospitals

Patients in a hospital room numbered 13 may experience a slight setback in their recovery due to the unconscious influence of the superstition.

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Study Notes

Superstitions by A.G. Gardiner

  • Gardiner's 1931 essay "On Superstitions" is a frontal attack on superstitions that prevail in all societies and ages, using lucid reasoning and satire to convince readers about human gullibility.

The Irrationality of Human Behavior

  • People irrationally restrict their behavior due to superstitions, even if they don't believe in them.
  • For example, people may avoid houses with the number 13, even though the law of averages suggests that murders happen at any number with equal frequency.

Historical Superstitions

  • In ancient times, people believed nature was controlled by supernatural forces, and omens were used to guide decisions.
  • Examples include Thucydides' account of battles postponed due to omens, and Pompey's use of thunder to postpone elections.
  • Alexander and Caesar consulted fortune-tellers and augurs, and even Cicero trusted omens that ultimately led to his downfall.

Persistence of Superstitions

  • Despite scientific progress, remnants of superstition remain in modern society.
  • People may not confess to, but still exhibit, superstitious behaviors, such as avoiding ladders or preferring certain numbers.
  • Landlords and hospitals may also accommodate superstitions when numbering houses or beds.

The Power of Suggestion

  • The mind plays a significant role in recovery, and superstitions can affect mental states.
  • Florence Nightingale advocated for flowers in sickrooms to create a positive mental environment, highlighting the importance of psychology in healing.

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