Old English Adjective Inflections
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Questions and Answers

Which inflectional patterns were exceptions for Old English adjectives?

  • Comparatives and superlatives
  • Nominal and pronominal
  • Strong and weak (correct)
  • Genitive and dative

    • How many inflectional cases did Old English adjectives make use of?

  • Three
  • Six
  • Five (correct)
  • Four

    • What function did Old English personal pronouns perform in addition to indicating number?

  • Possessive and reflexive pronouns (correct)
  • Subject and object pronouns
  • Interrogative and indefinite pronouns
  • Demonstrative and relative pronouns

    • Which numbers did Old English personal pronouns possess in the 1st and 2nd person?

    <p>Singular, plural, and dual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inflectional endings could be divided for Old English adjectives?

    <p>Nominal vs. pronominal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adjectives always showed strong inflectional patterns in Old English?

    <p>Eall (all) and fēa (few)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of verbs in Old English have distinct forms in singular, two numbers, and one voice?

    <p>Strong verbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formation of the preterite tense of primary verbs in Old English?

    <p>By means of the dental suffix -d-, -t- (Weak Verbs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the early influence of Christianity bring to England in 597?

    <p>The influence of the Benedictine Reform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the function of the IE verbal noun in *-ono-m in Old English?

    <p>Serve as the infinitive form of verbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the effect of Christianity on the Old English language?

    <p>Development of the pronoun 'she'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the change that occurred to the personal pronouns system in Old English?

    <p>Substitution of 3rd person plural pronouns by Scandinavian borrowings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the general use of demonstrative pronouns in Middle English?

    <p>'This' and 'these' in singular, 'that' and 'those' in plural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the use of 'ye, your, you' as a mark of respect begin in English?

    <p>13th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a weak plural noun in New English?

    <p>knees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In New English, what was the word weakened to 'it' from?

    <p>hit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What showed variation in the comparison of adjectives in New English?

    <p>Most unkindest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflectional patterns did almost all Old English adjectives show?

    <p>Strong and weak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inflectional patterns were exceptions for Old English adjectives?

    <p>Always weak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many inflectional cases did Old English adjectives make use of?

    <p>Five</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pronouns in Old English possessed three numbers - singular, dual, and plural in the 1st and 2nd person?

    <p>Personal pronouns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function did Old English personal pronouns also perform in addition to indicating number?

    <p>Genitive case</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of endings could inflectional endings for Old English adjectives be divided into?

    <p>Nominal vs. pronominal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the IE verbal noun in *-ono-m in Old English?

    <p>Used in the function of the infinitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of verbs in Old English have distinct forms in singular, two numbers, and one voice?

    <p>Strong verbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the effect of the First Consonant Shift in Old English?

    <p>Significant sound changes in the language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the early influence of Christianity that was brought to England by St. Augustine in 597?

    <p>Introduction of Latin borrowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inflectional patterns were exceptions for Old English adjectives?

    <p>Minor inflections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the general use of demonstrative pronouns in Middle English?

    <p>'þis' and 'þat' in singular, 'þise' in plural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the use of 'ye, your, you' as a mark of respect begin in English?

    <p>13th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function did Old English personal pronouns perform in addition to indicating number?

    <p>Indicating gender and case</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a weak plural noun in New English?

    <p>kneen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the change that occurred to the personal pronouns system in Old English?

    <p>Simplification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Noun system in Old English not include?

    <p>Ablative case</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inflectional Patterns of Old English Adjectives

    • Old English adjectives used strong and weak inflectional patterns, though some adjectives showed exceptions to these rules.
    • Inflectional cases for Old English adjectives included four cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative.

    Functions of Personal Pronouns

    • Old English personal pronouns indicated number and also functioned to show case (nominative, accusative, genitive).
    • The 1st person and 2nd person personal pronouns possessed three numbers: singular, dual, and plural.

    Types and Patterns of Inflection

    • Inflectional endings for Old English adjectives could be categorized into strong and weak endings, based on their patterns and forms.
    • Most Old English adjectives exhibited strong inflectional patterns, consistently following their established rules.

    Verbs and Tenses

    • Strong verbs in Old English had distinct forms for singular, dual, and plural in the present tense and past tense.
    • The preterite tense of primary verbs in Old English was formed by changing the vowel within the verb stem.

    Influence of Christianity

    • The early influence of Christianity began in 597 with St. Augustine's mission to England, which introduced Latin vocabulary and religious terminology.
    • Christianity also played a significant role in the development of Old English, promoting literacy and the use of Latin script.

    Comparative and Demonstrative Pronouns

    • The Indo-European (IE) verbal noun in *-ono-m functioned primarily as a noun derived from a verb, indicating actions or states.
    • Demonstrative pronouns in Middle English began to be used more extensively for emphasis and specificity.
    • The use of 'ye, your, you' as a mark of respect initiated in the later Middle English period.

    Changes in Language

    • The personal pronoun system in Old English underwent significant changes, ultimately simplifying to fewer distinct forms in Middle English.
    • The effect of the First Consonant Shift resulted in shifts in pronunciation that affected many consonants in Old English.

    New English Developments

    • An example of a weak plural noun in New English is "child," which pluralizes as "children."
    • The pronoun 'it' weakened from the Old English word "hit," showcasing phonetic evolution.
    • Variations in the comparison of adjectives in New English revealed the influence of irregular forms and simplified comparative structures.
    • The Old English noun system did not include articles, which were later developed in Middle English.

    Summary of Inflectional Patterns

    • Old English adjectives predominantly showcased strong inflection, while weak inflectional patterns were exceptions to common practices.

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    Test your knowledge of Old English adjective inflectional patterns, including strong and weak inflections, exceptions, inflectional cases, and the use of nominal vs. pronominal endings.

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