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What type of flower classification is characterized by having 3 petals, one of which is notably different in size and shape?
What type of flower classification is characterized by having 3 petals, one of which is notably different in size and shape?
Which classification of flowers shows symmetry that allows them to be divided equally on more than one axis?
Which classification of flowers shows symmetry that allows them to be divided equally on more than one axis?
In terms of flower classification, which term describes flowers that can only be divided into two equal halves, right and left?
In terms of flower classification, which term describes flowers that can only be divided into two equal halves, right and left?
Which classification of flower symmetry does not exhibit any distinct equal halves?
Which classification of flower symmetry does not exhibit any distinct equal halves?
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Which of the following describes a flower with standard petals being the smallest and innermost features?
Which of the following describes a flower with standard petals being the smallest and innermost features?
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What type of symmetry is described as having mirror images and being categorized as regular?
What type of symmetry is described as having mirror images and being categorized as regular?
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In flower classification, which term refers to a structure having equal halves that can be mirrored on only one axis?
In flower classification, which term refers to a structure having equal halves that can be mirrored on only one axis?
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Which classification identifies flowers that possess no symmetry and therefore cannot be divided into equal sections?
Which classification identifies flowers that possess no symmetry and therefore cannot be divided into equal sections?
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What defines a drupe in terms of its ovarian structure?
What defines a drupe in terms of its ovarian structure?
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Which type of fruit is characterized by multiple ovaries and the seeds embedded in fleshy tissue?
Which type of fruit is characterized by multiple ovaries and the seeds embedded in fleshy tissue?
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What is the primary characteristic of dehiscent fruits?
What is the primary characteristic of dehiscent fruits?
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Which fruit is an example of a legume?
Which fruit is an example of a legume?
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What distinguishes a pome from other types of fruits?
What distinguishes a pome from other types of fruits?
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Which of the following fruits is classified as non-fleshy?
Which of the following fruits is classified as non-fleshy?
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What type of fruit splits along one suture at maturity?
What type of fruit splits along one suture at maturity?
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In terms of texture, what are the two main classifications of fruits?
In terms of texture, what are the two main classifications of fruits?
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What is the key characteristic of axile placentation?
What is the key characteristic of axile placentation?
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Which type of placentation involves ovules attached along the walls of the ovary?
Which type of placentation involves ovules attached along the walls of the ovary?
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What distinguishes free central placentation from axile placentation?
What distinguishes free central placentation from axile placentation?
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In which type of inflorescence do flower buds appear axillary?
In which type of inflorescence do flower buds appear axillary?
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What is the function of the ovules within the locules of the ovary?
What is the function of the ovules within the locules of the ovary?
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Which part of the flower is responsible for producing pollen?
Which part of the flower is responsible for producing pollen?
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Which description best fits a basal ovule attachment?
Which description best fits a basal ovule attachment?
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What role does the stigma serve in the reproductive process of flowers?
What role does the stigma serve in the reproductive process of flowers?
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What is characteristic of a cymose inflorescence?
What is characteristic of a cymose inflorescence?
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What is contained within the pollen grains?
What is contained within the pollen grains?
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The combined characteristics of determinative and indeterminate inflorescence is referred to as what?
The combined characteristics of determinative and indeterminate inflorescence is referred to as what?
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Which structure connects the ovary to the stigma in a flower?
Which structure connects the ovary to the stigma in a flower?
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What does a matured ovule enclosing an embryo sac refer to?
What does a matured ovule enclosing an embryo sac refer to?
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What is the primary role of the filaments in a flower?
What is the primary role of the filaments in a flower?
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How many pollen sacs are typically found in the anther?
How many pollen sacs are typically found in the anther?
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What type of cells does one of the cells within the pollen grain develop into?
What type of cells does one of the cells within the pollen grain develop into?
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What is the primary function of the endosperm in a seed?
What is the primary function of the endosperm in a seed?
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Which part of the seed connects the radicle to the cotyledons?
Which part of the seed connects the radicle to the cotyledons?
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What is the role of cotyledons in a seed?
What is the role of cotyledons in a seed?
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What does the pericarp refer to in fruits?
What does the pericarp refer to in fruits?
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Which part of the embryo is known as the short embryonic root?
Which part of the embryo is known as the short embryonic root?
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In which part of the fruit would you find the endocarp?
In which part of the fruit would you find the endocarp?
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What does the term 'plumule' refer to in relation to the seed embryo?
What does the term 'plumule' refer to in relation to the seed embryo?
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Which structure of the seed acts as the primary source of nutrition during germination?
Which structure of the seed acts as the primary source of nutrition during germination?
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What characterizes a perfect flower?
What characterizes a perfect flower?
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Which of the following describes an imperfect flower?
Which of the following describes an imperfect flower?
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What is a defining feature of a regular flower based on size and shape?
What is a defining feature of a regular flower based on size and shape?
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In terms of classification by parts, what distinguishes a complete flower?
In terms of classification by parts, what distinguishes a complete flower?
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Which characteristic defines an irregular flower?
Which characteristic defines an irregular flower?
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What unique feature does a papilionaceous flower have?
What unique feature does a papilionaceous flower have?
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How can a flower be classified as staminate?
How can a flower be classified as staminate?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding incomplete flowers?
Which of the following statements is true regarding incomplete flowers?
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Study Notes
Flowers
- Flowers are structures where sexual reproduction occurs.
- They may contain sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
Parts of a Flower
Sepals
- Outermost parts of the flower.
- Usually leaf-like in appearance.
- Protect the flower bud.
Petals
- Often conspicuously colored.
- Attract pollinators.
Pistil (Carpel)
- Ovule-bearing reproductive units.
- Seed-bearing.
- Pear-shaped and typically located in the center of the flower.
- Composed of the ovary, style, and stigma.
- Syncarpous - carpels are fused together.
- Apocarpous - carpels are free.
Stamen
- Pollen-producing part of the flower.
- Essential male reproductive part.
- Androecium is the collective term for all stamens in a flower.
Anther
- Structure where pollen grains are produced.
- Usually consists of four pollen sacs.
- Supported by filaments.
Receptacle
- Somewhat enlarged tip of the pedicel.
- Floral parts arise from the receptacle.
Calyx
- Collective term for sepals.
Corolla
- Collective term for petals.
Perianth
- Collective term for both sepals and petals.
Ovary
- Enlarged basal part of the pistil.
- One or more locules/cavities that contain ovules.
- Ovules develop into seeds.
- Ovules, small, round or oval-shaped bodies, are located within the locules
Style
- Long and slender neck-like part from the ovary.
Stigma
- Sticky part found at the tip of the style.
- Pollen adheres to the stigma.
Pollen Grains
- Each pollen grain contains 2 cells.
- One cell generates spermatocytes.
- The other cell produces pollen tubes to reach the ovule.
Classification Based on Parts
- Complete - all four essential flower parts are present
- Incomplete - one or more essential flower parts are missing
- Perfect - flower contains both stamens and pistils
- Imperfect - flower lacks either stamens or pistils
- Staminate - imperfect flower lacks pistils
- Pistillate - imperfect flower lacks stamens
- Bisexual flowers - perfect flowers
Classification Based on Size and Shape
- Regular (Actinomorphic) - Flower is radially symmetrical and divisible into two or more equal parts through different planes of symmetry.
- Irregular (Zygomorphic) - Flower is bilaterally symmetrical and is divisible into two equal parts by only one plane of symmetry.
- Papilionaceous - Irregular flower with a large standard petal (often uppermost), two lateral wing petals, and fused keel petals.
- Caesalpiniaceous - Irregular flower with one innermost, smallest petal, and two pairs of adjacent petals similar in size and shape.
- Orchidaceous -Irregular flower with one petal distinctly different in size and shape (labellum or lip).
Classification Based on Symmetry
- Radial (Actinomorphic) - Flower can be divided into two or more equal parts in more than one plane.
- Bilateral (Zygomorphic) - Flower can be divided into two equal parts by only one plane.
- Asymmetric - Flower is not divisible into two equal parts by any plane.
Classification Based on Ovary Position
- Hypogynous - Ovary is superior (above) the attachment point of the other floral parts.
- Perigynous - Ovary is located at the center of a flower with floral parts attached to a cup-like structure surrounding the ovary (hypanthium).
- Epigynous - Ovary is inferior (below) the attachment point of the other floral parts.
Classification Based on Parts and Ovary Position
- Axile - Compound ovary where the placenta is attached along a central axis and the ovules develop at the points where the septa meet the central axis.
- Free Central - Compound ovary without septa and placenta develops in the center of the ovary.
- Marginal - Compound ovary where ovules develop along the ventral suture of the ovary.
- Parietal - Compound ovary where ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary.
- Basal - Compound ovary with ovules attached to the base of the ovary
Classification Based on Opening at Maturity
- Dehiscent - Fruits that split open at maturity
- Follicle - Fruit that splits open along one seam
- Legume - Fruit that splits open along two seams
- Capsules - Fruit with multiple ovaries that split open along one or more sutures
- Indehiscent - Fruits that do not split open at maturity
- Achene - Single-seeded fruit that does not split open.
- Caryopsis - One-seeded fruit where the seed coat is fused with the pericarp.
- Nuts - Hard-shelled fruits that contain one seed.
Classification Based on Structure
- Simple fruits - Develop from a single ovary.
- Aggregate fruits - Develop from multiple ovaries of a single flower.
- Multiple fruits - Develop from multiple flowers that fuse and ripen together.
Structure
- Pericarp - Ripened wall of the ovary.
- Exocarp - Outermost layer of the pericarp.
- Mesocarp/Sarcocarp - Middle layer of the pericarp.
- Endocarp - Innermost layer of the pericarp.
- Sutures - Line formed by the coherent edges of capillary leaves
- Valves - Parts into which mature fruits separate to permit the escape of seeds.
Classification Based on Ovary Number
- Drupe - Single ovary
- Pome - Multiple ovaries
- Berry - Multiple ovaries
Classification Based on Texture
- Fleshy - Fruits that are soft and juicy
- Non-fleshy - Fruits that are hard, dry, or woody
Inflorescence
- Determinate - Flower bud is terminal
- Indeterminate - Flower bud is axillary
- Cymose - the main growing axis ends in a flower, and the secondary branches grow to end in a flower.
- Racemose - growth axis continues to grow and develop branches, with flowers forming along the branches.
Seeds Parts
- Endosperm - Nutritive tissue formed at some point during the development of all flowering plant seeds.
- Cotyledons - Seed leaf of a plant embryo that contains stored food for germination.
- Embryo - Young shoot or plant embryo contained within the seed.
- Radicle - Short embryonic root in the seed.
- Hypocotyl - Short portion of the embryonic shoot that connects the radicle to the cotyledon.
- Plumule - Shoot apex that is found above the point of attachment of the cotyledons.
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