Untitled Quiz

Flowers

• Flowers are structures where sexual reproduction occurs.
• They may contain sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

Parts of a Flower

Sepals

• Outermost parts of the flower.
• Usually leaf-like in appearance.
• Protect the flower bud.

Petals

• Often conspicuously colored.
• Attract pollinators.

Pistil (Carpel)

• Ovule-bearing reproductive units.
• Seed-bearing.
• Pear-shaped and typically located in the center of the flower.
• Composed of the ovary, style, and stigma.
• Syncarpous - carpels are fused together.
• Apocarpous - carpels are free.

Stamen

• Pollen-producing part of the flower.
• Essential male reproductive part.
• Androecium is the collective term for all stamens in a flower.

Anther

• Structure where pollen grains are produced.
• Usually consists of four pollen sacs.
• Supported by filaments.

Receptacle

• Somewhat enlarged tip of the pedicel.
• Floral parts arise from the receptacle.

Calyx

• Collective term for sepals.

Corolla

• Collective term for petals.

Perianth

• Collective term for both sepals and petals.

Ovary

• Enlarged basal part of the pistil.
• One or more locules/cavities that contain ovules.
• Ovules develop into seeds.
• Ovules, small, round or oval-shaped bodies, are located within the locules

Style

• Long and slender neck-like part from the ovary.

Stigma

• Sticky part found at the tip of the style.
• Pollen adheres to the stigma.

Pollen Grains

• Each pollen grain contains 2 cells.
• One cell generates spermatocytes.
• The other cell produces pollen tubes to reach the ovule.

Classification Based on Parts

• Complete - all four essential flower parts are present
• Incomplete - one or more essential flower parts are missing
• Perfect - flower contains both stamens and pistils
• Imperfect - flower lacks either stamens or pistils
• Staminate - imperfect flower lacks pistils
• Pistillate - imperfect flower lacks stamens
• Bisexual flowers - perfect flowers

Classification Based on Size and Shape

• Regular (Actinomorphic) - Flower is radially symmetrical and divisible into two or more equal parts through different planes of symmetry.
• Irregular (Zygomorphic) - Flower is bilaterally symmetrical and is divisible into two equal parts by only one plane of symmetry.
• Papilionaceous - Irregular flower with a large standard petal (often uppermost), two lateral wing petals, and fused keel petals.
• Caesalpiniaceous - Irregular flower with one innermost, smallest petal, and two pairs of adjacent petals similar in size and shape.
• Orchidaceous -Irregular flower with one petal distinctly different in size and shape (labellum or lip).

Classification Based on Symmetry

• Radial (Actinomorphic) - Flower can be divided into two or more equal parts in more than one plane.
• Bilateral (Zygomorphic) - Flower can be divided into two equal parts by only one plane.
• Asymmetric - Flower is not divisible into two equal parts by any plane.

Classification Based on Ovary Position

• Hypogynous - Ovary is superior (above) the attachment point of the other floral parts.
• Perigynous - Ovary is located at the center of a flower with floral parts attached to a cup-like structure surrounding the ovary (hypanthium).
• Epigynous - Ovary is inferior (below) the attachment point of the other floral parts.

Classification Based on Parts and Ovary Position

• Axile - Compound ovary where the placenta is attached along a central axis and the ovules develop at the points where the septa meet the central axis.
• Free Central - Compound ovary without septa and placenta develops in the center of the ovary.
• Marginal - Compound ovary where ovules develop along the ventral suture of the ovary.
• Parietal - Compound ovary where ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary.
• Basal - Compound ovary with ovules attached to the base of the ovary

Classification Based on Opening at Maturity

• Dehiscent - Fruits that split open at maturity
• Follicle - Fruit that splits open along one seam
• Legume - Fruit that splits open along two seams
• Capsules - Fruit with multiple ovaries that split open along one or more sutures
• Indehiscent - Fruits that do not split open at maturity
• Achene - Single-seeded fruit that does not split open.
• Caryopsis - One-seeded fruit where the seed coat is fused with the pericarp.
• Nuts - Hard-shelled fruits that contain one seed.

Classification Based on Structure

• Simple fruits - Develop from a single ovary.
• Aggregate fruits - Develop from multiple ovaries of a single flower.
• Multiple fruits - Develop from multiple flowers that fuse and ripen together.

Structure

• Pericarp - Ripened wall of the ovary.
• Exocarp - Outermost layer of the pericarp.
• Mesocarp/Sarcocarp - Middle layer of the pericarp.
• Endocarp - Innermost layer of the pericarp.
• Sutures - Line formed by the coherent edges of capillary leaves
• Valves - Parts into which mature fruits separate to permit the escape of seeds.

Classification Based on Ovary Number

• Drupe - Single ovary
• Pome - Multiple ovaries
• Berry - Multiple ovaries

Classification Based on Texture

• Fleshy - Fruits that are soft and juicy
• Non-fleshy - Fruits that are hard, dry, or woody

Inflorescence

• Determinate - Flower bud is terminal
• Indeterminate - Flower bud is axillary
• Cymose - the main growing axis ends in a flower, and the secondary branches grow to end in a flower.
• Racemose - growth axis continues to grow and develop branches, with flowers forming along the branches.

Seeds Parts

• Endosperm - Nutritive tissue formed at some point during the development of all flowering plant seeds.
• Cotyledons - Seed leaf of a plant embryo that contains stored food for germination.
• Embryo - Young shoot or plant embryo contained within the seed.
• Radicle - Short embryonic root in the seed.
• Hypocotyl - Short portion of the embryonic shoot that connects the radicle to the cotyledon.
• Plumule - Shoot apex that is found above the point of attachment of the cotyledons.