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Questions and Answers
Which perspective emphasizes that international politics is shaped by perceptions, ideas, and cultural experience?
Which perspective emphasizes that international politics is shaped by perceptions, ideas, and cultural experience?
What is a defining characteristic of a self-help system in international relations?
What is a defining characteristic of a self-help system in international relations?
Which of the following trends indicates the decline of hegemony as power disperses globally?
Which of the following trends indicates the decline of hegemony as power disperses globally?
Which war marked a significant victory for Japan, demonstrating its emergence as an industrial power?
Which war marked a significant victory for Japan, demonstrating its emergence as an industrial power?
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In the context of contemporary international challenges, which describes problems that cross both international and domestic spheres?
In the context of contemporary international challenges, which describes problems that cross both international and domestic spheres?
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What is a key belief of Neoliberalism regarding the international system?
What is a key belief of Neoliberalism regarding the international system?
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Which type of power distribution is characterized by one dominant state?
Which type of power distribution is characterized by one dominant state?
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Which of the following best describes the fourth wave of terrorism since 1979?
Which of the following best describes the fourth wave of terrorism since 1979?
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What marked a turning point in America’s role in global affairs during World War I?
What marked a turning point in America’s role in global affairs during World War I?
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Which statement reflects the concept of American exceptionalism?
Which statement reflects the concept of American exceptionalism?
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Which principle primarily guided U.S. foreign policy before the Second World War?
Which principle primarily guided U.S. foreign policy before the Second World War?
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What is considered a national interest of American foreign policy?
What is considered a national interest of American foreign policy?
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What did Thomas Jefferson describe the United States as?
What did Thomas Jefferson describe the United States as?
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Which of the following is not identified as a national interest in U.S. foreign policy?
Which of the following is not identified as a national interest in U.S. foreign policy?
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What role did the United States take on after World War II?
What role did the United States take on after World War II?
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According to the missions of U.S. foreign policy, what is a shared consensus among Americans?
According to the missions of U.S. foreign policy, what is a shared consensus among Americans?
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What action did Iran plan to take on May 8, 2019, that violated the 2015 agreement?
What action did Iran plan to take on May 8, 2019, that violated the 2015 agreement?
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What event occurred on May 14, 2019, involving Houthi rebels and Iran?
What event occurred on May 14, 2019, involving Houthi rebels and Iran?
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What was the primary reason for Trump canceling the military strike that was scheduled after Iran shot down the U.S. drone?
What was the primary reason for Trump canceling the military strike that was scheduled after Iran shot down the U.S. drone?
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What did the May 24, 2019 event involve regarding U.S. troop deployment?
What did the May 24, 2019 event involve regarding U.S. troop deployment?
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What significant action did the U.S. take following the attack on two tankers in the Gulf of Oman on June 13, 2019?
What significant action did the U.S. take following the attack on two tankers in the Gulf of Oman on June 13, 2019?
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How did Iran respond after the UK seized an Iranian tanker headed to Syria?
How did Iran respond after the UK seized an Iranian tanker headed to Syria?
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What was the U.S. action against Iran regarding uranium enrichment after June 17, 2019?
What was the U.S. action against Iran regarding uranium enrichment after June 17, 2019?
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Which statement about the incidents involving Iran in June 2019 is accurate?
Which statement about the incidents involving Iran in June 2019 is accurate?
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What are the key dimensions of foreign policy analysis according to Kenneth Waltz?
What are the key dimensions of foreign policy analysis according to Kenneth Waltz?
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What does the organizational process model focus on in foreign policy decision-making?
What does the organizational process model focus on in foreign policy decision-making?
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Which of the following best describes the rational actor model in foreign policy decision-making?
Which of the following best describes the rational actor model in foreign policy decision-making?
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Which of the following represents a common criticism identified in the 7 sins of American foreign policy?
Which of the following represents a common criticism identified in the 7 sins of American foreign policy?
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What is a characteristic of the classical realism paradigm in foreign policy?
What is a characteristic of the classical realism paradigm in foreign policy?
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How does the systemic level of foreign policy analysis contribute to understanding international relations?
How does the systemic level of foreign policy analysis contribute to understanding international relations?
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Which sin of American foreign policy is specifically characterized by a lack of understanding of foreign cultures?
Which sin of American foreign policy is specifically characterized by a lack of understanding of foreign cultures?
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What is meant by the concept of bounded rationality in foreign policy decision-making?
What is meant by the concept of bounded rationality in foreign policy decision-making?
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What does structural realism suggest about states in the international system?
What does structural realism suggest about states in the international system?
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Which of the following concepts is emphasized by liberalism in understanding foreign policy?
Which of the following concepts is emphasized by liberalism in understanding foreign policy?
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According to constructivism, what influences foreign policy most significantly?
According to constructivism, what influences foreign policy most significantly?
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What is a central critique of feminism in international relations?
What is a central critique of feminism in international relations?
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Which statement best summarizes the Marxist perspective on international relations?
Which statement best summarizes the Marxist perspective on international relations?
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In the context of neoclassical realism, what factors condition states' responses to systemic changes?
In the context of neoclassical realism, what factors condition states' responses to systemic changes?
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What aspect of international relations does the concept of hegemony primarily address?
What aspect of international relations does the concept of hegemony primarily address?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of realist theories in international relations?
Which of the following is NOT a component of realist theories in international relations?
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Study Notes
Key Dimensions of FP Analysis
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Three Images (Kenneth Waltz): A framework for understanding foreign policy decision-making.
- Individual Level: Examines the individual beliefs, values, and biases of key decision-makers.
- State Level: Analyzes domestic politics and the influence of sub-state actors like Congress, interest groups, and the bureaucracy on foreign policy.
- Systemic Level: Investigates the impact of the international system, including power dynamics, globalization trends, and international organizations, on foreign policy decisions.
Decision-Making Models
- Rational Actor Model: Decision-makers choose the option that maximizes benefits and minimizes costs.
- Organizational Process Model: Decision-makers rely on standard operating procedures (SOPs).
- Bureaucratic Politics Model: Decisions result from bargaining between government agencies with conflicting interests.
Foreign Policy Paradigms
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Realism: Focuses on power struggles in an anarchic international system.
- Classical Realism: States seek to maximize their power.
- Structural Realism: States adapt to changes in the distribution of power.
- Neoclassical Realism: Domestic factors can influence how states respond to systemic trends.
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Liberalism: Values cooperation and international institutions.
- Emphasizes the importance of domestic actors and institutions in shaping foreign policy.
- Promoted a belief in interdependence and the spread of democracy.
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Constructivism: Analyzes how ideas, interests, and norms shape foreign policy.
- Focuses on the social construction of ideas like democracy and human rights.
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Marxism: Views capitalism as a driving force behind imperialism.
- Argue that U.S. hegemony serves the interests of the dominant classes.
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Feminism: Critiques the male-centric nature of international relations.
- Highlights the underrepresentation and marginalization of female perspectives in foreign policy.
U.S. Foreign Policy Missions, Interests, and Principles
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Missions: Long-term objectives of a country's foreign policy.
- American Exceptionalism: Belief that the U.S. is fundamentally different and exceptional compared to other nations.
- Promoting liberal democracy, free market economics, and Western values globally.
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National Interests: Concrete objectives, including:
- Power
- Military Security
- Economic Strength
- Ideological Promotion (democracy and capitalism)
- Morality and the Rule of Law (with a complex record)
- Cultural Identity
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Principles: Core beliefs and values that guide foreign policy.
- Isolationism: The United States primarily focused on its internal affairs and avoided entangling alliances with other nations.
- Unilateralism: The U.S. often acts independently of other states, without international cooperation.
- Internationalism: The U.S. engages in a more active and collaborative role on the global stage.
- Humanitarian Intervention: The U.S. intervenes militarily to stop human rights abuses and alleviate humanitarian crises.
The U.S. and Iran: A Cycle of Escalation
- May 8, 2019: The U.S. imposes new sanctions on Iran.
- May 12, 2019: Four ships, including two Saudi oil tankers, are sabotaged.
- May 14, 2019: Houthi rebels, supported by Iran, attack a Saudi oil pipeline.
- May 19, 2019: A rocket lands near the U.S. embassy in Baghdad.
- May 24, 2019: The U.S. deploys 1,500 troops to the Middle East.
- June 13, 2019: Two tankers are attacked in the Gulf of Oman.
- June 17, 2019: Iran announces it will violate the 2015 nuclear deal.
- June 20, 2019: Iran shoots down a U.S. drone, claiming it was in Iranian airspace.
- June 20, 2019: The U.S. prepares a military strike but cancels it over concerns about civilian casualties.
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Aftermath:
- The U.S. conducts a cyberattack against Iranian infrastructure.
- The UK seizes an Iranian tanker, leading to Iran's seizure of a British tanker.
- Iran continues to enrich uranium and escalates tensions in the region.
The 7 Sins of American Foreign Policy
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Loch Johnson identified seven flaws in American foreign policy.
- Ignorance
- Executive Branch Dominance
- Excessive Military Emphasis
- Unilateralism
- Isolationism
- Lack of Empathy
- Arrogance
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